中国可持续发展政策试点文献计量研究——以可持续发展实验区和可持续发展议程创新示范区为例

可持续发展实验区（以下简称"实验区"）是一项地方试点示范工作，倡导实验区基于自身特点设计实验主题，自行探索可持续发展的典型做法，依靠科技创新解决制约可持续发展的问题。作为可持续发展领域建设时间最长、覆盖规模最广、实验主题最为多样的政策试点，实验区已经积累了一定的研究，现有文献多集中于对发展理念的概念和框架探讨、可持续发展水平综合评估、区域发展耦合度和协调度计算、以及可持续发展投入产出效率差异等，为实验区理论研究和政策实践打下基础。为了系统梳理实验区研究的整体演进情况，为未来研究提供一个较为全面的参考，从文献计量的视角，对实验区和可持续发展议程创新示范区（以下简称"创新示范区"）为主题的研究进行科学知识图谱分析，厘清实验区研究的阶段性特点、研究领域、核心问题、前沿热点和科学合作网络结构，基于此提出未来可能的研究方向。研究结果表明实验区主题的发文量总体上呈波动趋势，研究者和研究机构的局部性合作较强；研究的核心问题始终围绕可持续发展在实验区的政策实践；研究前沿与宏观经济社会发展背景相呼应，其中可持续发展战略实施一直都是热点问题；经历了从可持续发展理念普及到可持续发展实践模式的历程。在可持续发展目标（SDGs）这一全球新形势下，为了更好地发挥实验区和创新示范区作为政策试点的作用，提出未来的研究方向：一是加强与SDGs研究的衔接；二是增加科技创新驱动可持续发展的研究；三是推进可持续发展典型问题和解决方案的系统研究。     

Flux and grain size variation of eolian dust as a proxy tool for the paleo-position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the northeast Pacific

A 328 cm-long piston core (KODOS 02-01-02) collected from the northeast equatorial Pacific at 16°12′N, 125°59′W was investigated for eolian mass fluxes and grain sizes to test these proxies as a tool for the paleo-position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The eolian mass fluxes of the lower interval below 250 cm (15.5-7.6 Ma) are very uniform at 5 ± 1 mg/cm²/10³ yr, while those of the upper interval above 250 cm (from 7.6 Ma) are over 2 times higher than the lower interval at 12 ± 1 mg/cm²/10³ yr. The median grain size of the eolian dusts in the lower interval increases from 8.4? to 8.0? downward, while that of the upper interval varies in a narrow range from 8.8? to 8.6?. The determined values compare well in magnitude to those of central Pacific sediments for the upper interval and equatorial and southeast Pacific sediments for the lower interval. This result suggests a possibility that the study site had been under the influence of southeast trade winds at its earlier depositional period due to the northerly position of the ITCZ, and subsequently of the northeast trade winds for a later period when the upper sediments were deposited. This interpretation is consistent with a mineralogical and geochemical study published elsewhere that assigned the provenance of the study core dust to Central/South America for the lower interval and to Asia for the upper interval. This study suggests that the distinct differences in eolian mass flux and grain size observed across the ITCZ can be used to trace the paleo-latitude of the ITCZ.     

三峡水库消落区不同海拔高度的植物群落多样性差异

本文对三峡水库消落区不同海拔间植物多样性和植物群落结构差异进行了研究。从α多样性上来看,上部和中部消落区物种丰富度和均匀度差异不显著,下部消落区丰富度指数明显低于中上部。下部消落区植物种间相遇几率较大,植物种间相互依存性较强。从β多样性上来看,由上部到中部再到下部,随着海拔下降,水库消落区植物物种的替代性减少是均质的;不同地区间β多样性没有显著性差异,但不同海拔间差异显著。从群落结构及稳定性上来看,目前水库消落区植物群落结构稳定性中部<上部<下部,上部消落区水淹胁迫较小,植物物种多为竞争种(C-对策种),竞争力较强的杂草偏向形成优势群落;下部消落区水淹胁迫最强,植物物种多为耐胁迫种(S-对策种),能忍受高强度水淹环境的物种形成了植物群落;中部消落区,处于物种定居和水淹胁迫的双重压力下,竞争种和耐胁迫种间竞争明显,更偏向于形成共优群落,其群落稳定性较差。在目前情况下,消落区下部的植物群落组成比较单一,但是随着水库蓄水高程稳定在175 m,估计消落区上中部群落组成也会逐渐趋于单一化。     

成渝经济区土地利用与生态服务价值动态分析

成渝经济区是长江上游的生态屏障,其生态环境脆弱,维持和提高该区域的生态系统服务功能非常重要。基于2000和2007年遥感影像数据,利用GIS和RS工具定量分析了成渝经济区2000—2007年土地利用的时空变化特征,并运用改进的生态服务价值系数,评价了土地生态系统服务功能的动态变化。结果表明:研究期间区域内建设用地以5.3%的年增长率增加,增加面积1044.5km2;林地面积增加最大(2908.7km2),年变化率为0.5%;耕地、草地,水体和未利用地分别以-0.3%、-2.0%、-0.7%和-2.9%年变化率减少,其中耕地减少面积最大,为2388.9km2;2000—2007年土地生态系统服务功能有所上升,总价值由3188.4亿元增加到3211.5亿元;林地转入以及耕地和草地转出是导致总价值增加的主要原因,生态系统服务功能降低主要是由于林地转出所致。为维持区域生态系统服务功能,应加强对林地和湿地等生态系统服务价值高的土地类型的保护。     

不同水温处理对夏季黄瓜穴盘育苗的影响

为降低夏季黄瓜穴盘育苗中第一雌花节位,以"优胜F1"为材料,以浇灌常温水(22℃水)为对照,设7℃、11℃、15℃的水温和常温水+乙烯利4个处理浇灌黄瓜幼苗,研究不同浇灌水温对黄瓜幼苗第一雌花节位和生长发育的影响。结果表明:和常温水相比,冷水处理黄瓜幼苗能显著降低第一雌花节位、增加壮苗指数,在四叶一心时,7℃的水温处理株高显著降低24%、茎粗显著增加10%,第一雌花节位为4.8;11℃的水温处理单株干物质积累增加14%,第一雌花节位为5.6,且两者第一雌花节位皆显著低于常温水+乙烯利处理。从经济投入上考虑,11℃的水温处理更适合应用于夏季穴盘育苗。     

Diversity and habitat association of small mammals in Aridtsy forest,Awi Zone,Ethiopia

Here, we conducted a survey to examine the diversity, distribution and habitat association of small mammals from August 2011 to February 2012 incorporating both wet and dry seasons in Aridtsy forest, Awi Zone, Ethiopia. Using Sherman live traps and snap traps in four randomly selected trapping grids, namely, natural forest, bushland, grassland and farmland, a total of 468 individuals comprising eight species of small mammals(live traps) and 89 rodents of six species(snap traps) were trapped in 2352 and 1200 trap nights, respectively. The trapped small mammals included seven rodents and one insectivore: Lophuromys flavopuntatus(30.6%), Arvicanthis dembeensis(25.8%), Stenocephalemys albipes(20%), Mastomys natalensis(11.6%), Pelomys harringtoni(6.4%), Acomys cahirinus(4.3%), Lemniscomys zebra(0.2%) and the greater red musk shrew(Crocidura flavescens, 1.1%). Analysis showed statistically significant variations in the abundance and habitat preferences of small mammals between habitats during wet and dry seasons.     

The aspartic acid of Fyn at 390 is critical for neuronal migration during corticogenesis

The mammalian cerebral cortex develops through the coordinated migration of postmitotic neurons. Fyn, a member of the Src tyrosine kinase family (SFKs), is involved in the neuronal migration and the absence of Fyn leads to abnormal migration. However, the molecular mechanism whereby Fyn acts on migrating neurons has remained unclear. Here, we employed two Fyn mutants (Fyn259T and FynD390A) to investigate the function of Fyn kinase domain in neuronal migration. Using in utero electroporation, we co-transfected the migrating neurons in embryonic cortex with these mutants combined with plasmid expressing GFP. Interestingly, although both of them impaired neuronal migration, FynD390A, rather than Fyn259T, induced remarkable morphology change. Our work provides in vivo and in vitro evidence that the aspartic acid of Fyn at 390 is indispensable for the radial migration, and it is required for precise cooperation with focal adhesion kinase.     

Multidisciplinary rapid assessment of coastal areas as a tool for the design and management of marine protected areas

A method is described for rapid multidisciplinary environmental assessment of coastal areas within the conceptual framework of comprehensive management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The aim is to provide tools for the selection, design and management of coastal MPAs when time, budget or potential human pressures, either alone or in combination, create an urgent need for prioritisation. Maximising results and minimising cost and time is the goal, using a methodology that re evaluates existing information on the area, allows use of physical, environmental and socio-economic indicators, and finally integrates information in a Geographic Information System capable of generating outputs in the form of thematic maps to support managers.The final products obtained inform planners and managers about the study areas, across multiple aspects that all need to be considered in integrated coastal management. Although originally proposed for widespread use in the Mediterranean, this methodology can be flexibly adapted, with minor modifications in the selection of indicators, for its use in other regions. The results show its potential for merging and synthesising information not only as a tool in Rapid Assessment Programs but also as a tool for facing management of wide coastal areas as social-ecological ecosystems.     

大鼠铜梳烧伤模型建立方法的改良

目的:改良大鼠铜梳烧伤模型的建立方法,对比不同方法建立的烧伤模型的烧伤间隙区初始面积及坏死程度的差异,探索更加理想的大鼠铜梳烧伤模型的建立方法。方法:48只SD大鼠被随机分为A组(原方法)、B组(改良法1)及C组(改良法2)。将铜梳烧伤器加热后,即刻置于各组大鼠背部中线两侧的皮肤上,A组铜梳接触皮肤时,除自身重力以外,不施加任何压力;B组铜梳接触皮肤时施加压力,使皮肤凹陷约0.5 cm;C组使用铜梳烧伤器嵌合聚乙烯泡沫塑料模型后再接触皮肤,并施加压力,使皮肤凹陷约0.5 cm。测量各组伤后即刻的烧伤间隙区面积;伤后6、12、24、48小时的间隙区组织坏死面积;各个时间点取材后,通过HE染色观察间隙区组织坏死程度并测量坏死深度。结果:伤后即刻C组的烧伤间隙区面积介于A组与B组之间,且与理论值最接近;B组间隙区组织坏死进程最快,伤后24小时已基本坏死。A组坏死进程最慢,间隙区组织基本坏死时间超过48小时。C组间隙区组织基本坏死时间是伤后48小时,与理论上的时间最接近。结论:通过铜梳烧伤器嵌合聚乙烯泡沫塑料模型后再接触皮肤,并施加压力,使皮肤凹陷约0.5 cm,是建立大鼠铜梳烧伤模型更加理想的方法。     

Depth-Dependent Patterns of Bacterial Communities and Assembly Processes in a Typical Red Soil Critical Zone

Abstract

Depth patterns of soil microbial distribution have not been well characterized and little is known about the balance between stochastic and deterministic processes in shaping microbial community through soil profiles. We examined how the composition, diversity, and assembly processes of bacterial communities change to a depth of 4 m along three cores sampled through a typical upland red soil Critical Zone in subtropical China. The sampled soils at the center of the Critical Zone were acidic, highly weathered, and clay loam to clay in texture, and developed from Quaternary red clay. Bacterial richness and phylogenetic diversity decreased with depth in the upper soil zone (0–90?cm), but was constant in the deeper zone (90–420?cm). In both the upper and deeper zones, richness was strongly and positively correlated with total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen. Depth-dependent changes of community structure were observed above the upper but not deeper zones. Stochastic processes were more important in the upper zone, whereas deterministic processes were dominant in the deeper zone. The distinct depth-dependent patterns of bacterial communities and assembly processes exist through deep soil profiles and are influenced by both contemporary and historical pedogenetic factors and processes.