IGF-1联合BMP-2对糖尿病合并骨质疏松股骨骨折大鼠中的骨折愈合影响分析

摘要 目的：探讨胰岛素生长因子-1（insulin-like growth factor, IGF-1）联合骨形态发生蛋白（bone morphogenetic protein,BMP）-2对糖尿病合并骨质疏松股骨骨折大鼠中的骨折愈合影响。方法：8周龄雌性SD大鼠60只,饲养一周后根据随机数字表法进行分组,每组12只,之后进行造模,造模成功50只,成功率为83.33 %。将其分为5组,包括正常组（n=10）,糖尿病+卵巢切除+骨折组（n=9）,糖尿病+卵巢切除+骨折+ IGF-1组（骨折处注射IGF 30 μg/kg,n=11）,糖尿病+卵巢切除+骨折+BMP-2组（骨折处注射100 μL BMP-2基因慢病毒1×10⁸,n=10）、糖尿病+卵巢切除+骨折+IGF-1+BMP-2组（参照上述,n=10）,其余进行等剂量溶剂注射,均连续注射两天。分组处理6周后,观察5组大鼠的一般情况。对比5组大鼠的血清钙、骨钙素、碱性磷酸酶水平,对比5组的最大应力、最大载荷及刚度,检测5组大鼠组织中的IGF-1、BMP-2及TGF-β1 mRNA表达水平。结果：A组大鼠无明显异常反应,大鼠体重逐渐增加,大小便、饮食均正常,毛色光亮;B、C、D、E组大鼠精神萎靡、反应迟缓、毛色光亮性较差、体重无明显减轻或增加、大鼠的饮水量、饮食增加,多尿症状较为明显。5组大鼠的血清钙、骨钙素、碱性磷酸酶水平：B组结论：IGF-1联合BMP-2可促进糖尿病合并骨质疏松股骨骨折大鼠中的骨折愈合。     

Relationship between formation of the femoral bicondylar angle and trochlear shape: independence of diaphyseal and epiphyseal growth

During hominin evolution, an increase in the femoral bicondylar angle was the initial change that led to selection for protuberance of the lateral trochlear lip and the elliptical profile of the lateral condyle. No correlation is found during ontogeny between the degree of femoral obliquity and of the prominence of the lateral trochlear lip. Might there be a relationship with the elliptical profile of the lateral condyle? On intact femoral diaphyses of juvenile humans and great apes, we compared the anteroposterior length of the lateral and medial sides of the distal metaphysis. The two diaphyseal pillars remain equal during postnatal growth in great apes, while the growth of the lateral pillar far exceeds that of the medial pillar in humans. Increase in bicondylar angle is correlated with disproportionate anteroposterior lengthening of the lateral pillar. The increased anteroposterior length of the lateral side of the metaphysis would contribute to increasing the radius of the curvature of the lateral condyle, but not to the projection of the lateral trochlear lip. The similar neonatal and adult femoro‐patellar joint shape in humans prompted an assessment of the similarity during growth of the entire neonatal and adult epiphyses. We showed that the entire epiphysis undergoes drastic changes in proportions during postnatal growth. Finally, we emphasize the need to distinguish the cartilaginous phenotype and the ossified phenotype of the distal femoral epiphysis (and of any epiphysis) during postnatal growth. This crucial distinction applies to most postcranial bones, for they almost all develop following the process of endochondral ossification. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The ontogeny of Holocene and Late Pleistocene human postcranial strength

While a wide variety of studies have focused on population variation in adult cross‐sectional properties, relatively little is known about population variation in postcranial robusticity in immature individuals. Furthermore, the age at which the population differences readily detected in adults manifest during growth is also unknown. This research addresses these gaps in our current understanding through the analysis of immature humeral and femoral long bone strength. Cross‐sectional geometry was used to compare the developmental trajectories of diaphyseal strength in Late Pleistocene Neandertal and modern human subadults to a sample of immature humans from seven geographically diverse Holocene populations. Population differences in size‐standardized cross‐sectional properties appear to be systemic and develop very early in ontogeny in the Holocene sample. In many cases, these differences are present before one year of age. In general, the Late Pleistocene fossil samples fit within the range of recent human variation in long bone strength. Population differences detected here are likely related to a combination of factors including activity patterns, genetic propensities, and nutritional status. These results highlight the complex mosaic of processes that result in adult postcranial robusticity, and suggest that further exploration of the developmental interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic influences on skeletal robusticity will likely enhance our understanding of adult postcranial morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Importance of natural disturbance for recovery of the rare polypore Antrodiella citrinella Niemelä & Ryvarden

Most strictly protected areas world-wide have been established in former commercial forests, but there is little evidence that this strongly advocated tool of conservation has had positive effects on endangered species in the short run of decades. One of the major reasons for the failure of habitat improvement in most of these reserves is a lack of natural disturbance. Consequently, only a few studies of species recovery in protected areas after natural disturbance are available. We demonstrate how natural dynamics in the oldest national park in Germany allows the area-wide recovery of the rare wood-inhabiting fungus Antrodiella citrinella. Our analyses showed that an increase of dead wood at >134-224 m(3)ha(-1), amounts known from primeval forests, allowed the fungus, which has barely survived as 'living dead' in two remnants of pristine forests, to spread from this small relict populations to the whole national park, within a radius of more than 30 km. Our result demonstrate that natural disturbance, even in former commercial forests, allowed the recovery of this rare species and fully supports the use of passive management in protected areas, even if natural dynamics often evokes debates on salvage logging.     

Size of nature reserves: densities of large trees and dead wood indicate high value of small conservation forests in southern Sweden

The optimal size of nature reserves has been debated for some time. Although edge and core habitats are often recognized, it is commonly assumed in theory and in studies of a particular habitat type that reserves or patches of different sizes have similar habitat structure. However, for older, highly fragmented landscapes it has been suggested that small areas are of conservation interest as high-quality remnants, whereas large areas are more degraded. We studied 49 randomly selected forest reserves in the size range 5–230 ha (typical for many highly fragmented landscapes) and 3653 sites of key habitat (unprotected deciduous broadleaf forest). Structures in forest that are generally correlated with value for biodiversity were measured, and reserve objectives were examined from declaration texts. Both the density of large trees and the density of dead wood (snags, logs) decreased with increasing reserve size. The mean size of identified key habitats was very small (1.6 ha). A botanical objective for establishment of reserves was more frequently used for smaller reserves. In contrast, cultural and especially recreational objectives were more commonly used when larger reserves were established, suggesting higher values for recreation in these reserves. For vascular plants, birds and beetles, a literature review indicated that small forest patches do not contain impoverished communities, but are often rich (per unit of area). Small reserves and key habitats have several disadvantages, but they are probably important components of reserve networks for biodiversity in highly fragmented landscapes.     

Functional adaptation of cancellous bone in human proximal femur predicted by trabecular surface remodeling simulation toward uniform stress state

Two-dimensional simulation of trabecular surface remodeling was conducted for a human proximal femur to investigate the structural change of cancellous bone toward a uniform stress state. Considering that a local mechanical stimulus plays an important role in cellular activities in bone remodeling, local stress nonuniformity was assumed to drive trabecular structural change to seek a uniform stress state. A large-scale pixel-based finite element model was used to simulate structural changes of individual trabeculae over the entire bone. As a result, the initial structure of trabeculae changed from isotropic to anisotropic due to trabecular microstructural changes caused by surface remodeling according to the mechanical environment in the proximal femur. Under a single-loading condition, it was shown that the apparent structural property evaluated by fabric ellipses corresponded to the apparent stress state in cancellous bone. As is observed in the actual bone, a distributed trabecular structure was obtained under a multiple-loading condition. Through these studies, it was concluded that trabecular surface remodeling toward a local uniform stress state at the trabecular level could naturally bring about functional adaptation phenomenon at the apparent tissue level. The proposed simulation model would be capable of providing insight into the hierarchical mechanism of trabecular surface remodeling at the microstructural level up to the apparent tissue level.     

Nouveaux restes postcrâniens d'hominoidea du miocène inférieur de napak, ouganda hommage à w. w. bishop

During reorganisation of the palaeontology collections at the Department of Antiquities and Museums, Kampala by the Uganda Palaeontology Expedition, several primate postcranial remains from Napak, an Early Miocene site, were found. Several large limb bones are attributed to Proconsul major, already known, already known from the locality on the basis of dental and gnathic remains, but hitherto poorly known postcranially. One specimen belongs to a smaller species of hominoid not represented at Napak by teeth and jaws. Both hominoids show quadrupedal and climbing adaptations, but they differ from each other. Thus Proconsul major praticed ‘power’ climbing whereas the smaller hominoid would have been more ‘agile’. In both cases, the hominoids moved frequently between the trees and the ground, and both were well adapted to their palaeoenvironment, which was dry forest. A further important result of this study is that the postcranial remains of r indicat indicate that it was heavier than had previously been envisaged on the basis of its dental remains. It would have weighed about the same as female gorillas, between 75 and 90 kg. The small species weighed about 20 kg.

Resumé

Lors d'un réaménagement des anciennes collections paléontologiques de l'Uganda Museum, des restes postcrâniens de primate provenant du site Miocène inférieur de Napak ont été retrouvés. Certaines pièces de grandes dimensions sont attribuées à Proconsul major, déjà signalé sur le site à partir de restes dentaires et gnathiques, mais dont l'anatomie postcrânienne était mal connue. D'autres spécimens sont rapportés à un Hominoidea de plus petite taille et non représenté par des dents ou des mâchoires. Les deux hominoïdes montrent des caractéristiques de quadrupèdes pratiquant le grimper mais de façons différentes. Alors que r pratique un gr pratique un grimper puissant, l'Hominoidea de petite taille pratique un grimper plus agile. Quoi qu'il en soit, ces deux espèces se déplaçaient souvent et activement au sol et dans les arbres. Ils vivaient dans une forêt sèche. Cette étude confirme que r, Hominoidea de, Hominoidea de grande taille, avait une masse corporelle plus importante que celle envisagée auparavant à partir des mesures dentaires. Il devait avoir une masse équivalente à celle d'un gorille femelle et peser entre 75 et 90 kg. L'espèce plus petite, quant à elle, aurait pesé 20 à 25 kg environ.     

Wood decay fungi and their bacterial interaction partners in the built environment – A systematic review on fungal bacteria interactions in dead wood and timber

Microbial biodeterioration of timber and woody material in buildings can cause costly restoration procedures. Here, we focus on Serpula lacrymans (commonly known as dry-rot) the fungus causing the most severe damages to buildings in Europe. Although its morphology, lifestyle, and dispersal have been intensively studied, research on microorganisms sharing the same habitat and interacting with the dry-rot fungus is not as comprehensive. Bacteria have long been known to inhabit dead wood, and several studies have shown their association to fungi. However, their identity, ecology, and putative interactions with co-existing fungi in dead wood remains largely underexplored. The interactions of bacterial and fungi have considerable impact on all partners involved covering the full spectrum between antagonistic and beneficial. Fungi are highly capable of manipulating the microbial community in their surroundings (e.g. via pH manipulation) and bacteria, in turn, can influence fungi by affecting the outcomes of (antagonistic) interactions or preventing fungal feedback inhibition via consumption of breakdown products. Associated bacteria on the other side could play an essential role for the fungus as bacteria can exert significant influence on fungal physiology and behaviour. This minireview summarizes the current knowledge on bacterial-fungal interactions in dead wood with a special focus on dry-rot and proposes possible bacterial-fungal interaction (BFI) mechanisms based on examples from soil or decomposing wood from forests.     

Classification and misclassification in sexing the Black femur by discriminant function analysis

Stepwise discriminant function analysis for sex assessment was applied to 130 North American Black femora. The measurements included femoral length and three midshaft dimensions likely to be preserved in archaeologically derived and forensic remains. The method correctly assigned sex for 76.4% of the sample (range 70.8–81.5%). This compares favorably with results achieved with other skeletal parts; it also compares favorably with results using the femur in sexing other racial groups. Among our other conclusions are: (1) a “general size factor” is one of major significance in correct classification and in misclassification of sex, and most misclassified individuals are anomalous for this factor; (2) the inconsistency in the relation between circumference and femoral length, which characterizes the remaining misclassified individuals, suggests that anomalous functional demands of body weight/musculature are at fault, and affect circumference more than length; and (3) discriminant function analysis of the same variables in Whites produced similar results, suggesting that sex overrides race in sex assessment; this was confirmed by cross-validating the predictive accuracy of Black discriminant function coefficients on White data, and vice versa.     

Mechanical significance of femoral head trabecular bone structure in Loris and Galago evaluated using micromechanical finite element models

Work on the interspecific and intraspecific variation of trabecular bone in the proximal femur of primates demonstrates important architectural variation between animals with different locomotor behaviors. This variation is thought to be related to the processes of bone adaptation whereby bone structure is optimized to the mechanical environment. Micromechanical finite element models were created for the proximal femur of the leaping Galago senegalensis and the climbing and quadrupedal Loris tardigradus by converting bone voxels from high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scans of the femoral head to eight-noded brick elements. The resulting models had approximately 1.8 million elements each. Loading conditions representing takeoff phase of a leap and more generalized load orientations were applied to the models, and the models were solved using the iterative "row-by-row" matrix-vector multiplication algorithm. The principal strain and Von Mises stress results for the leaping model were similar for both species at each load orientation. Similar hip joint reaction forces in the range of 4.9 x to 12 x body weight were calculated for both species under each loading condition, but the hip reaction values estimated for Loris were higher than predicted based on locomotor behavior. These results suggest that functional adaptation to hip joint loading may not fully explain the differences in femoral head trabecular bone structure in Galago and Loris. The finite element method represents a unique and useful tool for analyzing the functional adaptation of trabecular bone in a diversity of animals and for reconstructing locomotor behavior in extinct taxa.