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《Expert review of proteomics》2013,10(4):493-501
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating disease that represents an important health problem. It spreads rapidly at a time when patients have relatively few symptoms and consequently is often only detected at an advanced stage when treatment options are limited. Rapid developments in technology and bioinformatics have recently led to a surge in proteomics-based cancer research. Comparative analysis of protein profiles from nonmalignant and malignant pancreas cells or tissue, or from different stages of pancreatic cancer, potentially offer unique insight into the biology of this tumor type. Furthermore, proteomic approaches may provide novel diagnostic or therapeutic markers for this disease. Although such analyses are still in their infancy, they show great potential in the ongoing battle against this dismal disease. 相似文献
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Louise Dreyer Michael Hauschild Jens Schierbeck 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(2):88-97
Goal, Scope and Background To enhance the use of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a tool in business decision-making, a methodology for Social life cycle
impact assessment (LCIA) is being developed. Social LCA aims at facilitating companies to conduct business in a socially responsible
manner by providing information about the potential social impacts on people caused by the activities in the life cycle of
their product. The development of the methodology has been guided by a business perspective accepting that companies, on the
one hand, have responsibility for the people affected by their business activities, but, on the other hand, must also be able
to compete and make profit in order to survive in the marketplace.
Methods A combined, bottom-up and top-down approach has been taken in the development of the Social LCIA. Universal consensus documents
regarding social issues as well as consideration for the specific business context of companies has guided the determination
of damage categories, impact categories and category indicators.
Results Discussion, and Conclusion. The main results are the following: (1) Impacts on people are naturally related to the conduct
of the companies engaged in the life cycle rather than to the individual industrial processes, as is the case in Environmental
LCA. Inventory analysis is therefore focused on the conduct of the companies engaged in the life cycle. A consequence of this
view is that a key must be determined for relating the social profiles of the companies along the life cycle to the product.
This need is not present in Environmental LCA, where we base the connection on the physical link which exists between process
and product. (2) Boundaries of the product system are determined with respect to the influence that the product manufacturer
exerts over the activities in the product chain. (3) A two-layer Social LCA method with an optional and an obligatory set
of impact categories is suggested to ensure both societal and company relevance of the method. The obligatory set of impact
categories encompasses the minimum expectations to a company conducting responsible business. (4) A new area of protection,
Human dignity and Well-being, is defined and used to guide the modelling of impact chains. (5) The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights serves as normative basis for Social LCA, together with local or country norms based on socio-economic development
goals of individual countries. The International Labour Organisation's Conventions and Recommendations, and the Tripartite
Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, support development of the impact pathway
top-down, starting from the normative basis. (6) The obligatory part of Social LCA addresses the main stakeholder groups,
employees, local community and society.
Recommendations and Outlook Social LCA is still in its infancy and a number of further research tasks within this new area are identified. 相似文献