区域气候背景对城市热岛效应的影响规律

城市热岛效应受到区域气候背景的影响而具有显著的时空差异性,尚缺少大尺度对比研究。利用1991-2019年的月均气象数据,量化了我国69个典型城市的大气城市热岛效应强度,从热带、干带、暖温带、冷温带和极地带五个气候带,分析城市热岛效应的时空特征规律。结果表明：（1）区域差异：干带热岛效应明显高于其他气候带,极地带最弱,且表现为较强的冷岛效应,热带、暖温带、冷温带热岛效应较弱,而冷温带的京津冀地区由于城市化程度较高,表现出较强的热岛效应,温暖带中西南地区较为明显;（2）季节性差异：不同季节城市热岛效应的强弱关系在不同气候带有所不同,秋季热岛效应较为稳定,热岛和冷岛效应均主要处于弱强度范围,春、冬热岛效应较为波动,易出现强热岛、强冷岛效应的极端现象,夏季热岛效应发生率最高;（3）时间演变规律：城市热岛效应的多年演变规律在相同气候带较为一致,2010年前后是各气候带各季节城市热岛效应的变化拐点,2010年后,干带、冷温带、暖温带热岛效应均有所下降,热带、极地带有所上升。     

克氏针茅草原土壤生态化学计量特征对放牧强度的响应

生态化学计量学是研究生态系统中各元素间平衡的科学,对于探究土壤有机碳（C）、全氮（N）、全磷（P）元素循环以及土壤养分限制状况具有重要意义。为了解克氏针茅（Stipa kirschnii）草原土壤生态化学计量特征,以内蒙古克氏针茅草原区为研究对象,在不同放牧强度草场进行采样分析。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加,C、P含量先降低后升高,N含量先升高后降低;土壤C/N先降低后升高、C/P逐渐升高、N/P先升高后降低。C/N随着放牧强度的增加与有机碳相关性逐渐增大、与全氮的相关性逐渐减小;轻牧区的C/P受有机碳作用有所增强;中牧区N/P受全氮作用增强。C/N主要限制因素是有机碳含量,C/P和N/P主要限制因素是全磷含量。不同放牧强度会影响土壤化学计量比与其他物质的关系,也会改变土壤化学计量比各制约因素的强度。     

人工降雨对湿地植物叶表面颗粒物滞留的影响

现阶段植物滞尘作为治理大气颗粒物污染的有效方法已被广泛接受与应用。已有研究表明,降雨等方式对植物叶表面颗粒物的滞留有着显著的影响,可有效地将颗粒物从叶表面去除,使植物再次具有滞留颗粒物的能力。由于自然降雨难以量化,现有研究大多采用模拟降雨的方式,将降雨特性量化为降雨强度、降雨历时等可控变量,但较少将降雨高度这一变量纳入研究。且大多以森林生态系统或者城市生态系统中常见的乔、灌、草等植物为主要研究对象,而忽略了处于水陆过渡带的湿地生态系统中植物的特殊性。湿地生态系统不仅可通过植物叶片等结构滞留颗粒物,还可依靠增强空气相对湿度促进颗粒物的吸收和积累,导致湿地植物滞尘规律的特殊性。因此,选择北京地区湿地生态系统内的4种常见植物（香蒲、菖蒲、芦苇和黄花鸢尾）作为研究对象,通过人工模拟降雨的方式,将降雨特性量化为降雨高度与降雨强度两个变量,共设置1 m （11 m）、2 m （10 m）两个不同降雨高度,30 mm/h、45 mm/h、60 mm/h三种不同降雨强度,并将颗粒物划分粗颗粒物（10—100 μm）、细颗粒物（3—10 μm）、超细颗粒物（0.4—3 μm）三种粒径范围。通过滤膜法获得单位叶面积颗粒物去除量,探讨人工降雨对湿地植物叶表面颗粒物滞留的影响。主要研究结果如下：（1）颗粒物去除量在粗颗粒物（10—100 μm）粒径范围内最高;（2）所试4种湿地植物中,菖蒲的颗粒物去除量位居前列;（3）只有在一定的范围内,植物叶表面颗粒物去除量才随降雨强度的增加而增加;（4）不同降雨高度下所试湿地植物叶表面颗粒物去除量无明显规律,降雨高度之间无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

闽南渔场游泳动物优势种种群聚集特性

基于2016年4月和10月闽南渔场渔业资源的专项调查数据,运用相对性重要指数、平均拥挤度指数、聚块指数、Cassie指标、Mrisita指数等方法分析闽南渔场游泳动物优势种组成及其种群聚集特性,比较不同的季节、类群和种类及其相互间的聚集状态,探究种群聚集驱动因子,旨在发现闽南渔场游泳动物优势种种群聚集的特征、内在规律和形成机制。结果表明,闽南渔场游泳动物优势种共17种,其中鱼类6种、虾类3种、蟹类4种、头足类4种;鱼类中六指马鲅（Polydactylus se-xfilis）聚集强度最强,头足类中火枪乌贼（Loligo beka）聚集强度最强;虾类和蟹类中春季以哈氏仿对虾（Parapenaeopsis hardwickii）和拥剑梭子蟹（Portunus gladiator）的聚集强度最强,而秋季以鹰爪虾（Trachypenaeus curvirostris）和日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）的聚集强度最强;鱼类、虾类、蟹类和头足类中春季分别以二长棘犁齿鲷（Evynnis cardinali）、鹰爪虾、三疣梭子蟹（P. trituberculatus）和火枪乌贼的平均拥挤度最高,而秋季分别以带鱼（Trichiurus lepturus）、鹰爪虾、拥剑梭子蟹和杜氏枪乌贼（Loligo duvaucelii）的平均拥挤度最高;闽南渔场游泳动物优势种的平均拥挤度呈现出秋季高于春季,虾类、蟹类种群聚集强度大于鱼类、头足类的特点。     

Association of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis tick with vertebrate hosts,other native tick vectors,and tick-borne pathogens in New York City,USA

Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, is an invasive ixodid tick that has rapidly spread across the northeastern and southeastern regions of the United States since first reported in 2017. The emergence of H. longicornis presents a potential threat for livestock, wildlife, and human health as the host associations and vector potential of this invasive pest in the United States are poorly understood. Previous field data from the United States has shown that H. longicornis was not associated with natural populations of small mammals or birds, but they show a preference for medium sized mammals in laboratory experiments. Therefore, medium and large sized mammals were sampled on Staten Island, New York, United States, to determine H. longicornis host associations and vector potential for a range of human and veterinary pathogens. A total of 97 hosts were sampled and five species of tick (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, H. longicornis, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes cookei) were found feeding concurrently on these hosts. Haemaphysalis longicornis was found in the highest proportions compared with other native tick species on raccoons (55.4%), Virginia opossums (28.9%), and white-tailed deer (11.5%). Tissue, blood, and engorged larvae were tested for 17 different pathogens using a nanoscale PCR platform. Infection with five pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., Mycoplasma haemocanis, and Bartonella spp.) was detected in host samples, but no pathogens were found in any larval samples. These results suggest that although large and medium sized mammals feed large numbers of H. longicornis ticks in the environment, there is presently a low potential for H. longicornis to acquire pathogens from these wildlife hosts.     

间伐强度对坝上樟子松林下持水能力的影响

河北坝上地区地势复杂、气候条件较差,导致了水土流失和地质灾害的发生,使华北地区生态安全受到严重威胁。为了改善当地生态环境,樟子松、落叶松等耐贫瘠速生树种被大面积种植,然而不合理的植被密度会导致降雨的低效率利用。本研究以5种间伐强度(0、20%、40%、60%、80%)的樟子松林为对象,分析间伐强度对林下草本、枯落物、土壤各层以及整体持水能力的影响。结果表明: 草本层持水率变化幅度为47.7%～90.7%,且随着间伐强度增加持水能力整体呈减小趋势,间伐强度小于40%时减速较缓,之后迅速减小。随间伐强度的增大,枯落物未分解层、半分解层自然含水率和最大持水率均逐渐减小,而有效持水能力大小依次为60%>40%>20%>80%>0,且半分解层持水能力均优于未分解层。土壤持水能力随间伐强度的增强逐渐降低,间伐强度小于40%时对持水能力起促进作用。不同间伐强度下,林下总持水率是8.3%～14.3%,依次为20%>0>40%>60%>80%。 鉴于林下各层及整体变化,研究区内选择强度为20%的间伐措施能有效提高林下持水能力,实现更好的生态效益。     

Understanding the binding interaction between phenyl boronic acid P1 and sugars: determination of association and dissociation constants using S–V plots,steady‐state spectroscopic methods and molecular docking

Continuous monitoring of glucose and sugar sensing plays a vital role in diabetes control. The drawbacks of the present enzyme‐based sugar sensors have encouraged the investigation into alternate approaches to design new sensors. The popularity of fluorescence sensors is due to their ability to bind reversibly to compounds containing diol. In this study we investigated the binding ability of phenyl boronic acid P1 for monosaccharides and disaccharides (sugars) in aqueous medium at physiological pH 7.4 using steady‐state fluorescence and absorbance. P1 fluorescence was quenched due to formation of esters with sugars. Absorbance and fluorescence measurements led to results that indicated that the sugars studied could be ordered in terms of their affinity to P1, as stated: sucrose > lactose > galactose > xylose > ribose > arabinose. In each case, the slope of modified Stern–Volmer plots was nearly 1, indicating the presence of only a single binding site in boronic acids for sugars. Docking studies were carried out using Schrodinger Maestro v.11.2 software. The binding affinity of phenyl boronic acid P1 with periplasmic protein (PDB ID 2IPM and 2IPL) was estimated using GlideScore.     

不同放牧强度对赛罕乌拉草原蜘蛛多样性的影响

蜘蛛作为草原生态系统中的主要消费者, 对维系草原生物多样性和生态系统功能具有重大意义。放牧是人类利用草原最普遍的方式, 了解放牧对蜘蛛多样性的影响具有重要生态学意义。本研究调查了内蒙古赛罕乌拉草原上5个不同放牧强度样地中的蜘蛛多样性, 通过单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance)比较各样地中的蜘蛛多样性, 非度量多维标度分析(non-metric multidimensional scale, NMDS)和相似性分析(analysis of similarities, ANOSIM)比较各样地间的蜘蛛物种组成相似性, 再结合相关性分析探讨了植被高度对蜘蛛多样性的影响。结果表明: 重度放牧强度样地的蜘蛛多样性显著低于其他未放牧及轻度放牧样地; 具体到常见科上, 放牧强度对织网型的园蛛物种数和个体数影响显著, 而对游猎型的狼蛛、跳蛛却不明显; 织网型蜘蛛主要受植被结构影响, 而游猎型蜘蛛更可能受潜在猎物可得性的影响。NMDS分析表明不同放牧强度下, 蜘蛛类群的物种组成呈现明显的梯度变化, 放牧强度越低, 物种组成和未放牧样地越相近。相关性分析表明草原植被高度与蜘蛛多样性总体上呈正相关关系, 即植被高度越高, 蜘蛛多样性越高。其中依靠植物构建蛛网的园蛛科和在植物上层伏击猎物的蟹蛛科、逍遥蛛科等与植被高度显著相关。这说明植物资源及其空间异质性可能对草原蜘蛛多样性起着主导作用。因此, 降低放牧强度有助于保护草原蜘蛛群落的多样性, 特别有利于织网型蜘蛛。     

Declining track and field performance trends in recent years in the Austrian best results 1897-2019

Objectives:Plateauing of world records in sports has been suggested to reflect the limits of human physiology. Possible explanations include reduced doping or declining popularity that may even lead to a decrease in human performance. Such a decrease, however, has not yet been observed. We hypothesized that rather than a performance plateau, performance has recently declined.Methods:Fifteen athletic disciplines of the Austrian annual rankings were analyzed by regression statistics and the average best performance of the last 20 years compared to earlier periods.Results:The best performances occurred between 1980–1999 and were on average 2.56% (men) and 1.67% (women) better than between 2000–2019. This attenuation was significant in men in 200 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 10 km, long jump, javelin throw (p<0.05), high jump, pole vault, discus throw, shot put and hammer throw (p<0.001); and in women in 400 m, long jump, discus throw (p<0.05) and high jump (p<0.001). The greatest performance declines were observed in the men’s shot put (9.11%) and hammer throw (11.44%).Conclusions:The Austrian track and field annual best results show a performance decline following a peak, instead of a plateau. Future studies should address the causes and whether this also applies to other sports and countries.     

Effect of photoperiod on winter and summer diapause of the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

To understand the geographical differences between diapause systems and synchronization of adult occurrence in the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), we examined the timing of winter diapause termination and intensity of summer diapause using univoltine and potentially bivoltine individuals in Iwate, Japan. In laboratory rearing experiments of mature larvae maintained at constant temperature (20 °C), winter diapause intensity weakened by January without photoperiodic responses. Meanwhile, summer diapause was maintained by the long day length and presumably terminated with the photoperiodic transition from long to short day length. The intensity of summer diapause was stronger for cocoons that transitioned from a 16 h light to 8 h dark (LD 16:8) to a LD 15:9 photoperiod than for those that transitioned from LD 15:9 to LD 14:10. These results suggest that populations distributed in relatively low-latitude areas, with partly or potentially bivoltine individuals, would have a weaker summer diapause or none at all. Moreover, sexual differences in the number of days to emergence were not detected when individuals experienced a photoperiodic transition from long to short day length, suggesting that the summer diapause system may function to synchronize the emergence of males and females in the population examined.