Antidiabetic‐Like Effects of Naringenin‐7‐O‐glucoside from Edible Chrysanthemum ‘Kotobuki’ and Naringenin by Activation of the PI3K/Akt Pathway and PPARγ

Obesity is directly associated with cancer, cardiovascular injury, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. To date, Yamamoto identified that hot water extracts of edible Chrysanthemum (EC) induced cell size reduction, up‐regulation of adiponectin expression, and glucose absorption inhibition in 3T3‐L1 cells during adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, EC showed antidiabetic effects such as improvement in insulin resistance and the down‐regulation of the blood glucose level and liver lipid content in type 2 diabetes model mice. In this study, we attempted to identify the antidiabetic components in EC. The methanol fraction from EC that showed relatively strong biological activity was purified by chromatography to obtain acacetin‐7‐O‐glucoside, apigenin‐7‐O‐glucoside, kaempferol‐7‐O‐glucoside, and naringenin‐7‐O‐glucoside. Among the isolated compounds and their aglycones, naringenin (NA) and naringenin‐7‐O‐glucoside (NAG) up‐regulated the intracellular accumulation of lipid and adiponectin‐secretion and down‐regulated the diameter of 3T3‐L1 cells during adipocyte differentiation. Because the PPARγ antagonist BADGE and PI3K/Akt inhibitors wortmannin and LY29004 inhibited the intracellular lipid accumulation by NA and NAG associated with adipogenesis, it was considered that NA and NAG showed the above‐mentioned activities via the activation of PPARγ as well as phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.     

Micropropagation and induction of autotetraploid plants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium</Emphasis> (Trev.) Vis

Rapid propagation technology was established and optimized in vitro for Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Vis., an important botanical insecticide plant with a huge international market. A large number of buds could be induced directly from epicotyl and hypocotyl explants on Murashige T; Skoog F. J. Plant. Physiol. 15: 473–479; (1962) medium [Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium] supplemented with 0.3 mg l⁻¹ benzyladenine (BA) and 0.3 mg l⁻¹ α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Root induction and development could be observed within 15 d after inoculation on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg l⁻¹ indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ rooting powder (ABT). Furthermore, a polyploid breeding study in vitro was reported to obtain superior breeding lines with high yield and good quality. Autotetraploid lines of C. cinerariifolium were obtained by colchicine treatments and identified by root-tip chromosome determination and stoma observation. The chromosome number of the autotetraploid plantlet was 2N = 4x = 36. Obtained autotetraploid lines will be of important genetic and breeding value and be used for further selection and plant breeding.     

Survival and genetic stability of Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev shoot apices after cryopreservation by vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration

The aim of this study was to compare the genetic stability of chrysanthemum (cv. Pasodoble) apices cryopreserved using two different methods: encapsulation-dehydration and vitrification. The assessment of the genetic stability was developed using RAPDs markers. Assessment of stability was evaluated in pot-cultivated mother plants (from which buds were excised for micropropagation), in shoots (leave tissue) from which apices were extracted for cryopreservation, and in shoots regenerated from cryopreserved apices 30 days after recovery and after further 3 months in culture. Throughout the process the origin of the apices (in vitro-shoot from which they were excised) was recorded. Twenty one regenerants cryopreserved by vitrification and 25 by encapsulation-dehydration were assessed. Only one cryopreserved regenerant from the encapsulation-dehydration method showed a different band pattern. These results support the necessity of monitoring the genetic stability of the regenerants obtained after cryopreservation, as this is a very useful technique for the conservation of plant genetic resources.     

Rescue of shoot apical meristems of chrysanthemum by culturing on root tips

A new method to regenerate plants from leaf primordia-free shoot apical meristem domes (LP-free SAMs) was developed by establishing the meristem dome on the cut surface of root tips. Ten days after culture, the viable rate of LP-free SAMs of chrysanthemum Piato attached to chrysanthemum root tips was >40%. Shoot regeneration was not observed from LP-free SAMs without the root tips. When LP-free SAMs of chrysanthemum were transferred to root tips of either petunia, cabbage, or carnation, the highest shoot regeneration rate was observed with cabbage root tips. Microscopic observation documented that the LP-free SAM temporarily adhered to the cut surface of the root tip of cabbage.Communicated by K.K. Kamo     

Chrysanthemum extract and extract prepared silver nanoparticles as biocides to control Aedes aegypti (L.), the vector of dengue fever

Mosquitoes play a key role in the transmission of some important diseases. The need for controlling these insects is critical to reduce their risks to human and domesticated animals. Recently the trend to explore effective chemical compounds from local plants has begun as a safe means of control. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-larval activity of Chrysanthemum extract and the prepared silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) against the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the dengue vector in Saudi Arabia. A series of different concentrations of ethanol extract and extract prepared AgNPs against the fourth-life larvae was tested. The effective concentrations of crude extract and AgNPs ranged from 50 to 250 and 10 to 30 ppm respectively, and the death percentages corresponding to these concentrations ranged from 18 to 92 and 36 to 96% respectively. According to the LC₅₀ values of treated larvae, AgNPs (12.754 ppm) is more effective against A. aegypti mosquito larvae than the crude extract (228.345 ppm) at about 17.9 times. The mixing of the plant extract with the silver nitrate has led to potentiation. This is due to the synergy that occurs between the extract and the silver particles during the reduction process. The compounds in the extract are related to the surface of the particles, increasing the strength of their effects. It is recommend to separate the active elements in the Chrysanthemum plant and its preparation in the form of nanoparticles as a promising compound in mosquito control programs with least damage to human kind and the environment.     

An improved micropropagation system for Chrysanthemum based on Pluronic F-68-supplemented media

Supplementation of MS-based medium containing 4.4 M 6-benzyladenine and 2.7 M -naphthaleneacetic acid with 0.001–0.1% (w/v) of the non-ionic, co-polymer surfactant, Pluronic F-68, significantly (p<0.05) increased the mean fresh weight gain of cultured leaf explants of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) Tone Maid and Early Charm by a maximum of 74% and 34%, respectively. The percentage of individual explants giving adventive shoots was also stimulated by Pluronic F-68; for cv. Early Charm, 0.001% (w/v) Pluronic F-68 induced the maximum response, whereas for cv. Tone Maid, the maximum response occurred with 0.01% surfactant. Shoot regeneration from explants was also enhanced at these concentrations of surfactant, compared to explants cultured in the absence of Pluronic F-68.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - MS Murashige & Skoog 1962 - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid     

侵染菊花的黄瓜花叶病毒的初步鉴定和血清学检测

侵染菊花的黄瓜花叶病毒的初步鉴定和血清学检测张海保,朱西儒,张云开（中国科学院华南植物研究所广州５１０６５０）关键词菊花,黄瓜花叶病毒,间接ＥＬＩＳＡ菊花（Ｃｈｒａｙｓａｎｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｏｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ）病毒病是危害菊花的一类主要病害。国外文献报道...     

Pathogenicity of Pythium aphanidermatum to Chrysanthemum in Combined Inoculations with Belonolaimus longicaudatus or Meloidogyne incognita

Rooted cuttings of ''Iceberg'' chrysanthemum in steamed soil were inoculated with the nematodes Belonolaimus longicaudatus, and Meloidogyne incognita, alone and combined with Pythium aphanidermatum, a fungus pathogen of chrysanthemum. B. longicaudatus alone severely restricted the root system; with P. aphanidermatum also present, plant weight and height were further reduced and onset of symptoms was earlier. M. incognita + fungus interaction was similar but less intense. The fungus suppressed egg production of M. incognita but not the reproduction of B. Iongicaudatus. However, all three pathogens combined significantly suppressed reproduction of both nematodes and caused greatest inhibition of plant growth.     

Studies on Chemical Constituents from Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.: Structure Elucidation of Two New Triterpenoid Esters

Two new triterpenoid esters (1 and 2) and eleven known compounds were isolated from the ethyl ether extract of Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel. By means of chemical correlation and spectral analyses (IR, FAB-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR), compounds 1 and 2 were established as 16β, 22α-dihydroxypseudotaraxasterol-3β-O-palmitate and lup-16β, 28-dihydroxy-3β-O-palmitate.