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31.
A. R. Swartz T. R. Famula 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1994,89(4):392-396
Components of genetic variation for postweaning growth traits were estimated for both control and growth stocks of mice. The effect of phenotypic selection for gain, which genetically combines selection for additive direct and maternal effects, on additive genetic variance components, heritability, and additive genetic correlationsis discussed. Quantitative genetic theory predicts that simultaneous selection for two metric traits in the same direction will cause the genetic correlation between the two traits to become more negative. The results presented in this paper conflict with this theory. The direct-maternal additive genetic correlation was more negative in the control line (with 356 mice) than in the growth-selected line (with 320 mice) for the three traits analyzed (0.310 vs 0.999 for 21-day weight, 0.316 vs 1.000 for 42-day weight, and 0.506 vs 1.000 for gain from 21–42 days). Estimates were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) computed under a derivative free algorithm (DFREML). 相似文献
32.
Acclimation of photosynthesis to increasing atmospheric CO2: The gas exchange perspective 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Rowan F. Sage 《Photosynthesis research》1994,39(3):351-368
The nature of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 is evaluated from the results of over 40 studies focusing on the effect of long-term CO2 enrichment on the short-term response of photosynthesis to intercellular CO2 (the A/Ci response). The effect of CO2 enrichment on the A/Ci response was dependent on growth conditions, with plants grown in small pots (< 5 L) or low nutrients usually exhibiting a reduction of A at a given Ci, while plants grown without nutrient deficiency in large pots or in the field tended to exhibit either little reduction or an enhancement of A at a given Ci following a doubling or tripling of atmospheric CO2 during growth. Using theoretical interpretations of A/Ci curves to assess acclimation, it was found that when pot size or nutrient deficiency was not a factor, changes in the shape of A/Ci curves which are indicative of a reallocation of resources within the photosynthetic apparatus typically were not observed. Long-term CO2 enrichment usually had little effect or increased the value of A at all Ci. However, a minority of species grown at elevated CO2 exhibited gas exchange responses indicative of a reduced amount of Rubisco and an enhanced capacity to metabolize photosynthetic products. This type of response was considered beneficial because it enhanced both photosynthetic capacity at high CO2 and reduced resource investment in excessive Rubisco capacity. The ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 (the Ci/Ca ratio) was used to evaluate stomatal acclimation. Except under water and humidity stress, Ci/Ca exhibited no consistent change in a variety of C3 species, indicating no stomatal acclimation. Under drought or humidity stress, Ci/Ca declined in high-CO2 grown plants, indicating stomata will become more conservative during stress episodes in future high CO2 environments.Abbreviations A
net CO2 assimilation rate
- Ci (Ca)
intercellular (ambient) partial pressure of CO2
- operational Ci
intercellular partial pressure of CO2 at a given ambient partial pressure of CO2
- gs
stomatal conductance
- normal CO2
current atmospheric mole fraction of CO2 (330 to 355 mol mol–1)
- Rubisco
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase 相似文献
33.
Parasites of all kinds affect the behaviour of their hosts, often making them more susceptible to predators. The associated
loss in expected future reproductive success of infected hosts will vary among individuals, with younger ones having more
lose than older ones. For this reason, young hosts would benefit more by opposing the effects of parasites than old ones.
In a laboratory study, the effects of the trematode Telogaster opisthorchis on the anti-predator responses of the upland bully (Gobiomorphus breviceps) and of the common river galaxias (Galaxias vulgaris) were examined in relation to fish age. In a bully population where parasites were very abundant, the magnitude of the fish's
anti-predator responses decreased as the number of parasites per fish increased, and this effect was significantly more pronounced
in age 2 + and, to a lesser extent, age 3 + fish than in age 1 + fish. In another bully population where parasites were 10
times less abundant, similar effects were noticeable but not significant, whereas no effects of parasites on the responses
of galaxiids to predators were apparent. Differences in the abundance of parasites and in their sites of infection in fish
may explain the variability among host populations or species. However, in the bully population with high parasite abundance,
parasitism has age-dependent effects on responses to predators, providing some support for the prediction that young fish
with high expected future reproductive success invest more energy into opposing the effects of parasites than do older fish. 相似文献
34.
R. W. Wilson E. W. Taylor 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1993,163(3):239-246
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, acclimated to 33% sea water (12 mg·ml-1 salinity) experienced significant (10 meq·1-1) increases in plasma [Na+] and [Cl-] within 5 h of exposure to 6.3 mol copper·1-1 indicating severe impairment of branchial ionoregulatory capacity. All plasma ion levels subsequently stabilised once the transbranchial [Na+] gradient was reduced to zero. The similar ionic strength of the external medium and their body fluids appeared to protect trout maintained in 33% sea water from further ionoregulatory stress and any secondary physiological disturbances during exposure to copper. Despite three- and fourfold greater transbranchial [Na+] and [Cl-] gradients, trout acclimated to full-strength sea water (35 mg·ml-1 salinity) suffered no major changes in plasma Na+, Cl-, K+, or Ca2+, blood gases or haematology during 24 h exposure to 6.3 mol copper·1-1. This reduction in toxicity in full strength sea water cannot be explained by differences in copper speciation. We suggest that during acute exposure to waterborne copper, active NaCl extrusion is unaffected due to the basolateral location of the gill Na+/K+-ATPase, but that ionoregulatory disturbances can occur due to gill permeability changes secondary to the displacement of surface-bound Ca2+. However, in full strength sea water the three-fold higher ambient [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] appear to be sufficient to prevent any detrimental permeability changes in the presence of 6.3 mol copper·1-1. Plasma [NH
+
4
] and [HCO
-
3
] were both significantly elevated during exposure to copper, indicating that some aspects of gill ion transport (specifically the apical Na+/NH
+
4
and Cl-/HCO
-
3
exchanges involved in acid/base regulation and nitrogenous waste excretion) are vulnerable to inhibition in the presence of waterborne copper.Abbreviations
C
aO2
arterial oxygen content
- Hb
haemoglobin
- Hct
haematocrit
- MABP
mean arterial blood pressure
- MCHC
mean cell haemoglobin content
-
MO2
rate of oxygen consumption
-
P
a
CO2
arterial carbon dioxide tension
-
P
aO2
arterial oxygen partial pressure
- S
salinity
- SW
sea water
-
T
Amm
total ammonia (=NH3+NH
+
4
)
-
T
CO
2
total carbon dioxide
- TEP
transepithelial potential
- TOC
total organic carbon
- %Hb-O2
percentage of haemoglobin saturated with oxygen 相似文献
35.
降钙素基因相关肽的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
吴祥声 《氨基酸和生物资源》1994,(1)
降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)是由37个氨基酸残基构成的生物活性多肽,与降钙素(CT)源子一个共同的基因。CGRP分布广泛,具有很强的血管扩张、降低血压以及心肌正性肌力作用等,并参与心血管系统稳态的调节。目前,CGRP已能人工合成,将为某些心血管疾病如高血压、心肌缺血、痉挛性或闭塞性周围血管疾病等的治疗提供一条崭新的途径。 相似文献
36.
Retha R. Newbold Rita B. Hanson Wendy N. Jefferson 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》1994,30(8):519-528
Summary Although estrogens have been shown to stimulate a variety of morphologic and biochemical changes in the uterus in vivo, no
clear consistent demonstration of similar responses in vitro have been made; thus, a defined organ culture system using the
immature mouse uterus was established to study the possibility of demonstrating estrogenic responses in vitro. Uterine tissue
from immature outbred mice (17 to 24 days of age) were cut crosswise in 1-mm3 coins and cultured in a defined medium in the absence of serum, phenol red, or growth factor supplements. Diethylstilbestrol
(DES), a synthetic estrogen, was added to the media at doses ranging from 1 to 100 ng/ml. The effect of DES on uterine cell
proliferation was assessed by morphologic changes in uterine epithelial and stromal cells, increase in number of epithelial
cells per unit basement membrane, increase in height of luminal epithelial cells, and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Functional changes were determined by measuring the amounts of the estrogen-inducible uterine protein,
lactoferrin, that was localized in the epithelial cells and secreted into the media, and the localization of the estrogen
receptor in the cultured tissues. Results indicate that under the described conditions of culture, estrogens like DES can
induce morphologic and biochemical responses in the uterus that are similar to those seen in vivo. This organ culture system
will aid in the investigation of various mechanisms involved in the hormonal regulation of growth and differentiation of estrogen
target tissues. 相似文献
37.
Trees at their upper range limits are highly sensitive to climate change, and thus alpine treelines worldwide have changed their recruitment patterns in response to climate warming. However, previous studies focused only on daily mean temperature, neglecting the asymmetric influences of daytime and nighttime warming on recruitments in alpine treelines. Here, based on the compiled dataset of tree recruitment series from 172 alpine treelines across the Northern Hemisphere, we quantified and compared the different effects of daytime and nighttime warming on treeline recruitment using four indices of temperature sensitivity, and assessed the responses of treeline recruitment to warming-induced drought stress. Our analyses demonstrated that even in different environmental regions, both daytime and nighttime warming could significantly promote treeline recruitment, and however, treeline recruitment was much more sensitive to nighttime warming than to daytime warming, which could be attributable to the presence of drought stress. The increasing drought stress primarily driven by daytime warming rather than by nighttime warming would likely constrain the responses of treeline recruitment to daytime warming. Our findings provided compelling evidence that nighttime warming rather than daytime warming could play a primary role in promoting the recruitment in alpine treelines, which was related to the daytime warming-induced drought stress. Thus, daytime and nighttime warming should be considered separately to improve future projections of global change impacts across alpine ecosystems. 相似文献
38.
E. V. Garmash 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2023,25(1):43-53
Mitochondrial alternative oxidase is an important protein involved in maintaining cellular metabolic and energy balance, especially under stress conditions. AOX genes knockout is aimed at revealing the functions of AOX genes. Under unfavourable conditions, AOX-suppressed plants (mainly based on Arabidopsis AOX1a-knockout lines) usually experience strong oxidative stress. However, a compensation effect, which consists of the absence of AOX1a leading to an increase in defence response mechanisms, concomitant with a decrease in ROS content, has also been demonstrated. This review briefly describes the possible mechanisms underlying the compensation effect upon the suppression of AOX1a. Information about mitochondrial retrograde regulation of AOX is given. The importance of ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential in triggering the signal transmission from mitochondria in the absence of AOX or disturbance of mitochondrial electron transport chain functions is indicated. The few available data on the response of the cell to the absence of AOX at the level of changes in the hormonal balance and the reactions of chloroplasts are presented. The decrease in the relative amount of reduced ascorbate at stable ROS levels as a result of compensation in AOX1a-suppressed plants is proposed as a sign of stress development. Obtaining direct evidence on the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in AOX modulation in the genome should facilitate a deeper understanding of the role of AOX in the integration of cellular signalling pathways. 相似文献
39.
1. Trees present herbivorous insects with the greatest diversity of resources of any plant growth form. Both ontogeny and shading can alter suitability for arboreal insect herbivores. 2. We conducted a longitudinal study of tagged ‘mature’ (>12 months old) Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves to compare the suitability of understorey and canopy trees for the leaf senescence-inducing psyllid, Cardiaspina albitextura. We quantified sugars and tannins as possible predictors of nymphal abundance. 3. Canopy leaves hosted double the number of nymphs as understorey leaves. Variation among individual trees (understorey and canopy) was the most important source of heterogeneity explaining psyllid abundance, although relative leaf age significantly influenced oviposition on canopy leaves. The diversity of foliar sugars was higher among canopy leaves than among understorey leaves. There was significant between-tree diversity in total hydrolysable tannins (HTs) and total condensed tannins (CTs) among understorey trees but not among canopy trees. Heterogeneity among understorey and canopy trees was explained by greater diversity of ellagitannins (HTs) than of CTs. 4. Shading is detrimental to the survival of nymphs on both host types, but sugars are unlikely to explain variation in suitability. Vescalagin (an ellagitannin) was negatively correlated with the abundance of nymphs on both host types. 相似文献
40.
Philip J. McCall Ted C. J. Turlings W. Joe Lewis James H. Tumlinson 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1993,6(5):625-639
A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with old damage than to plants with fresh damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed. 相似文献