湖北西部山地革螨及恙螨名录

自1989年以来,先后从湖北西部山地6个不同海拔、12个不同类型生境捕获的啮齿、食虫等小型哺乳动物体外采集到一大批革螨、恙螨和吸虱标本,经初步整理,鉴定有革螨l1科32属73种、恙螨有3亚科11属41种和亚种、吸虱3种,其中有中国新纪录1种,籁氏巨刺螨Macronyssus leucippe（Domrow）和湖北新纪录41种。     

Spatial Distribution of Galls Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aculus tetanothrix</Emphasis> (Acari: Eriophyoidea) on Arctic Willows

The distribution of galls caused by Aculus tetanothrix (Acari: Eriophyoidea) on three Salix species was studied. The factors influencing this distribution were analysed, i.e. willow species, study area and shoot length. Spatial pattern of gall distribution within the shoot was also examined. The study was conducted in Russia, Kola Peninsula. Densities of galls caused by A. tetanothrix differed significantly among willow species. Considerably higher gall density was recorded in the White Sea coast than in the Khibiny Mountains. This may be explained by the influence of a milder maritime climate that favors mite occurrence compared to a harsh and variable mountain climate that limits mite abundance. There was no relationship between the gall density and the shoot length. The highest density of galls was recorded on the inner offshoots; within the offshoot, there was a maximum density on the fifth leaf. This pattern was repeatable for all shoots studied, independent of the study area, willow species and length of shoots, suggesting the optimal conditions for A. tetanothrix exist on leaves in the middle part of a shoot. This distribution pattern may be an effect of the trade-off between the costs and benefits resulting from leaf quality and mite movement along the shoot. This hypothesis, however, needs to be tested experimentally.     

House dust mite extract activates apical Cl− channels through protease‐activated receptor 2 in human airway epithelia

Adequate fluid secretion from airway mucosa is essential for maintaining mucociliary clearance, and fluid hypersecretion is a prominent feature of inflammatory airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis. House dust mite extract (HDM) has been reported to activate protease‐activated receptors (PARs), which play various roles in airway epithelia. However, the role of HDM in regulating ion transporters and fluid secretion has not been investigated. We examined the effect of HDM on ion transport in human primary nasal epithelial cells. The Ca²⁺‐sensitive dye Fura2‐AM was used to determine intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) by means of spectrofluorometry in human normal nasal epithelial cells (NHNE). Short‐circuit current (Isc) was measured using Ussing chambers. Fluid secretion from porcine airway mucosa was observed by optical measurement. HDM extract (10 µg/Ml) effectively cleaved the PAR‐2 peptide and induced an increase of [Ca²⁺]_i that was abolished by desensitization with trypsin, but not with thrombin. Apical application of HDM‐induced Isc sensitive to both a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor and a Ca²⁺‐activated Cl^? channel (CaCC) inhibitor. HDM extract also stimulated fluid secretion from porcine airway mucosa. HDM extract activated PAR‐2 and apical Cl^? secretion via CaCC and CFTR, and HDM‐induced fluid secretion in porcine airway mucosa. Our results suggest a role for PAR‐2 in mucociliary clearance and fluid hypersecretion of airway mucosa in response to air‐borne allergens such as HDM. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 1254–1263, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

用转基因棉籽作平菇培养料时平菇主要害虫的发生动态

为了评估转基因棉籽对平菇害虫发生的影响,利用转Bt基因棉籽及其亲本对照棉籽配制平菇培养的菌棒,在菇棚中自然感虫,观察了平菇厉眼菌蚊、粪蚊、蚤蝇和螨类的发生情况。结果表明,含对照棉籽菌棒中平菇厉眼菌蚊和螨类发生量高于含转基因棉籽菌棒, 随着棉籽浓度的增加,对照棉和转Bt基因棉对平菇厉眼菌蚊均表现出抑制作用。对照棉籽对粪蚊的抑制作用比转Bt基因棉籽强,但随着棉籽浓度的增加,含对照棉籽菌棒中粪蚊发生量呈递增趋势。随着棉籽浓度的增加,含对照棉籽菌棒中蚤蝇发生量呈递增趋势,含转Bt基因棉籽菌棒中蚤蝇发生量递减;低含量时对照棉籽对蚤蝇的抑制作用强,而高含量时转Bt基因棉籽对蚤蝇的抑制作用强。     

Evaluation of Resistance Pattern to Fenpyroximate and Pyridaben in Tetranychus Urticae collected from Ggreenhouses and Apple Orchards using Lethal Concentration-slope Relationship

This study aimed to monitor the present and future developments of the resistance of Tetranychus urticae Koch to fenpyroximate and pyridaben, using the relationship of the LC₅₀ and slope of the concentration-mortality line in a probit model, for the provision of reliable resistance management tactics. Tetranychus urticae populations were collected from 16 commercial greenhouses, where various crops were cultivated, as well as from 10 apple orchards throughout Korea. The resistance to fenpyroximate and pyridaben of each population was estimated by calculating the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀), resistance ratio (RR) and slope of the concentration-mortality regression. Most of the greenhouse populations exhibited moderate levels of resistance, whereas the apple orchard populations showed only low levels, indicating that T. urticae populations in greenhouses were more strongly selected than those in apple orchards. Four population groups were established based on either the habitats (greenhouse and apple orchard) or acaricides (fenpyroximate and pyridaben). To test the hypothesis, “the slope is greatest at low and high levels of resistance,” the slopes were regressed as a function of the LC₅₀, and fitted to a polynomial regression. The polynomial regression model explained this relationship well for the four population groups (p < 0.05), indicating that the development of resistance toward fenpyroximate or pyridaben was consistent with the gradient. A laboratory selection study agreed with the results from both acaricide field populations. These results suggest that the gradient was a good indicator of the susceptibility of T. urticae to genetic variations, which was related to the LC₅₀. The application of these findings is also discussed in relation to the resistance management of T. urticae.     

Biology, life table and predation of Feltiella acarisuga (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) feeding on Tetranychus cinnabarinus eggs (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) is a common predatory gall midge, which feeds on many species of spider mites. All major life history and life table parameters of F. acarisuga were determined using the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) eggs as prey under laboratory conditions [26.7 ± 2 °C, 75 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of l4:10 (L:D) h]. Developmental times of F. acarisuga were 2.6, 7.1, and 6.7 d for eggs, larvae, and pupae, respectively, with an average of 16.4 d from egg to adult emergence. Female immatures development took ≈1 d longer than male immatures did. Adult F. acarisuga lived an average of 12.8 d, and the female adults (13.3 d) lived significantly longer than male adults did (11.9 d). After an average of 1.5 d preoviposition period, each female laid an average of 27.3 eggs in its life span with an average of 2.1 eggs per day and an average of 2.8 eggs on each of its oviposition day. The raw data were analyzed using an age-stage, two-sex life table method that takes into consideration of the variable developmental rates among individuals and between sexes. The intrinsic rate of natural population increase (r), net reproductive rates (R_o), gross reproductive rate (∑m_x), generation time (T), and doubling time (DT), and the finite rate of increase (λ) of F. acarisuga were estimated using the age-stage, two-sex (male and female) life table analysis as 0.122 d⁻¹, 16.19 eggs per female, 20.81 eggs per female, 22.81 d, 1.1298 d, and 5.7 d⁻¹, respectively. Each of the first, second, and third instar larvae of F. acarisuga consumed an average of 35.5, 54.0 and 86.9 T. cinnabarinus eggs per day, respectively. Larvae of F. acarisuga could consume an average of 175.4, T. cinnabarinus eggs, and female larvae consumed 14% more spider mite eggs (187.6 eggs) than male larvae (165.1 eggs). The significance of other life table parameters related to the population and the potential of using F. acarisuga as a biological control agent are discussed.     

Olfactory response of Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to synthetic methyl salicylate in laboratory bioassays

The herbivore‐induced plant volatile (HIPV) methyl salicylate (MeSA) is widely present in the chemical profile of several plant species and is known to attract natural enemies, including predatory mites. In this study, the response of Typhlodromus pyri, a key predator of pest mites in west coast vineyards, to synthetically produced MeSA was tested using a Y‐tube olfactometer in laboratory bioassays. Six doses ranging from 0.002 to 200 μg of MeSA diluted in 0.1 ml hexane were tested. Significantly higher proportions of T. pyri preferred MeSA at doses 0.02, 0.2 and 20 μg. No differences in response to MeSA were detected at the highest (200 μg), intermediate (2 μg) and lowest (0.002 μg) doses. Mite response to MeSA was a function of dose when fitting polynomial and logistic regression models using dose and square of the log dose prediction factors. Results indicate that synthetic MeSA may be applied to attract predatory arthropod populations in vineyards to enhance biological control of pest mites.     

Functional morphology and ultrastructure of mouthparts in unfed water mite larvae Piona carnea (Koch, 1836) (Acariformes: Pionidae)

Mouthparts of unfed larvae Piona carnea (Koch, 1836) (Acariformes: Pionidae) were studied on whole-mount preparations, semi-thin sections and with TEM and SEM methods. The mouth apparatus is incorporated within the pseudotagma, gnathosoma, composed of the infracapitulum and of the chelicerae resting on the roof of the latter. The gnathosoma inclines to the long axis of the body and is inserted at its base into the idiosoma by the circumcapitular fold. The basal cheliceral segments are long and fused. An anterior projection, the proposed fused fixed digits, protrudes from the distal end of the basal cheliceral segment forward between the movable digits. The movable digits are always found in protruded position, strongly curved upward and show a groove on their inner sides. The ventral wall of the infracapitulum is made of the mentum posterior and the malapophyses anterior to the palp articulation. The malapophyses are squeezed between the large palps and envelope the distal portion of the chelicerae from the sides. The ventral portion of the fused malapophyses are provided with a characteristic ventral cuticular fork of unknown function. Each malapophysis terminates by a flexible lateral lip provided by several rigid jags looking posterad. The palps face downward and backward, and bear on the tibia the large curved palpal claws turned laterad. The palp femur bears on the ventral aspect a characteristic wide spade-like projection provided with its own muscles originating on the dorsal wall of the femur. The labrum is a thick cuticular arrow-like structure protruding forward into the preoral cavity, whereas the cervix is a thin weakly sclerotized plate. The particular labral valve projects forward from the dorsal basis of the labrum into the preoral cavity. The labrum and the cervix are provided by their own small labral and cervical muscles originating on the cervical apodemes. The pharynx is totally separated from the ventral wall of the infracapitulum and is devoid of ventral dilators. The dorsal pharyngeal dilators originate on the thick and sclerotized capitular apodeme and, posteriorly, on the paired cuticular branches, capitular apodemes, which end freely in the body cavity and are combined with the common salivary duct. The short sigmoid pieces serve for origin of the levator muscles of the chelicerae. Retraction of the gnathosoma and the chelicerae is mediated by several sets of muscles originating on the dorsal plate.