Cholesterol is essential for antenatal development. However, the transport of maternal cholesterol to the embryo has not been sufficiently studied, and that to the fetus is still controversial. To this end, a 1 mg dose of [3,4-(13)C(2)]cholesterol was injected daily into pregnant mice and the labeled cholesterol was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After venous injections from days 10 to 17 of gestation, [(13)C]cholesterol levels in total ((12)C and (13)C) cholesterol were increased to 5.1% and 2.8% in maternal and fetal plasma, respectively. Labeled cholesterol was identified in the liver, kidneys, and intestines, but not in the brain, of the fetus. After injections from days 1 to 8, [(13)C]cholesterol levels were increased to 12.4% and 8.0% of total cholesterol in maternal plasma and the embryo, respectively. The level of 11.5% in the yolk sac was higher than that in the embryo. Intrauterine transfer of maternal cholesterol to the embryo as well as the fetus was evident in mice, and both the placenta and the yolk sac appear to be sites of intermediate passage in murine pregnancy. 相似文献
Endothelial lipase (EL) is a recently discovered member of the triglyceride-lipase family that is involved in plasma HDL metabolism. In this study, we investigated the putative role of EL in mouse reproduction by studying EL gene expression in mouse embryos and adult reproductive organs. PCR analysis revealed that EL mRNA is expressed in mouse embryos on embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) to E11.5, but not later in development. In situ hybridization studies on E10.5 whole embryos and embryonic sections showed expression of EL mRNA in multiple tissues, although of varying intensity. High expression was found in the neuroepithelium of the brain and the neural tube, the mesenchymal cells between organs, the optic lens and cup, and the otocyst. In adult mice, EL mRNA expression was high in ovaries from pregnant mice but low in ovaries from nonpregnant mice. EL mRNA was also highly expressed in placenta and testes. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated intense EL mRNA staining of lutein cells in corpora lutei in ovaries, of spermatocytes in the late pachytene and diplotene stages in testes, and of principal cells in epididymis. These results suggest that EL, in addition to its effects on plasma lipoprotein metabolism, plays a role in murine reproduction. 相似文献
Background: Preeclampsia, a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, represents the leading cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The identification of novel and accurate biomarkers that are predictive of preeclampsia is necessary to improve the prognosis of patients with preeclampsia.
Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of nine urinary metalloproteinases to predict the risk of preeclampsia development.
Methods: MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12 and MMP-13 were analyzed in urine (early-pregnancy) from 17 women predicted to develop preeclampsia and 48 controls using the Bio-Plex Pro-Human MMP panel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).
Results: Urinary MMP-2 showed differences between groups which allowed us to calculate an increased risk for PE development of up to 20 times among the study population.
Conclusion: Increased urinary concentration of MMP-2 at 12 and 16 weeks of gestation predicted an increased risk of developing preeclampsia in the study population. 相似文献
Recent studies have shown that L-carnitine supplementation of sows during pregnancy and lactation enhances their reproductive performance, but the underlying mechanisms are still needed to be further confirmed. This study was conducted to investigate the function of L-carnitine on placental development, milk nutrient content and release of hormones in sows. In this experiment, 40 multiparous crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were allotted to two groups fed diets with or without a supplemental 50 mg/kg L-carnitine. The experimental diets were fed from d 1 post-coitus until d 21 post-partum. L-carnitine-treated sow had fewer weak piglets (p < 0.05) and a greater percentage of oestrus by 5 after 5-d post-partum (p < 0.05) than control sows. The percentage fat from colostrum was greater in L-carnitine-treated sow than control sows (p < 0.05). L-carnitine-treated sows had greater plasma concentrations of triglyceride and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and lesser plasma concentrations of glucose and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP-3) on day 60 of pregnancy (p < 0.05). A clearer structure of chorions, better-developed capillaries and absence of necrosis were observed in L-carnitine-treated sows compared with control sows. The protein abundance of IGF-1 and IGF-2 in placental chorions was greater in L-carnitine-treated sows compared with control sows (p < 0.05). This study suggests that sows fed an L-carnitine supplemented diet during pregnancy improved reproductive performance through enhancement of placental development and by increasing IGF concentrations in blood plasma and placental chorions. 相似文献
Early stages of mammalian embryonic development are now known to be very sensitive to their microenvironment, with long term effects on fetal, postnatal, and adult health, thus extending to these early stages the concept of Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DoHaD). In this scientific context, and with 3% of births in developed countries, safety of Assisted Reproductive Techniques procedures becomes a matter of concern. Besides, embryo technologies in domestic mammals, using huge number of embryos, do not seem to evidence heavy impacts on adult phenotypes. This paper first discusses what can or cannot be concluded from farm animal data, then develops long term effects of ART procedures (ovarian stimulation, in vitro fertilization and embryo culture) evidenced in model species (mainly mouse model). Recent literature demonstrates both individual and cumulative effects of each ART procedure on fetal and postnatal phenotypes. In a second part, because they are sources for further perturbations, immediate effects of ART on early embryo phenotypes at the cellular and molecular levels are described in both farm animals and model species. Mechanistic hypotheses supporting these ART induced phenotypic alterations are subsequently considered. Finally, taking into account interspecies differences in the mechanisms likely to be involved, the relevance of results obtained in animal models for human ART are discussed. 相似文献
Many triple-resonance experiments make use of one-bond heteronuclear scalar couplings toestablish connectivities among backbone and/or side-chain nuclei. In medium-sized(15–30 kDa) proteins, short transverse relaxation times of C single-quantum stateslimit signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. These relaxation properties can be improved usingheteronuclear multiple-quantum coherences (HMQCs) instead of heteronuclear single-quantumcoherences (HSQCs) in the pulse sequence design. In slowly tumbling macromolecules, theseHMQCs can exhibit significantly better transverse relaxation properties than HSQCs.However, HMQC-type experiments also exhibit resonance splittings due to multiple two- andthree-bond homo- and heteronuclear scalar couplings. We describe here a family of pulsed-field gradient (PFG) HMQC-type triple-resonance experiments using simultaneous 1H and13C constant-time (CT) periods to eliminate the t1 dependence of these scalar couplingeffects. These simultaneous CT PFG-(HA)CANH and PFG-(HA)CA(CO)NH HMQC-typeexperiments exhibit sharper resonance line widths and often have better S/N ratios than thecorresponding HSQC-type experiments. Results on proteins ranging in size from 6 to 30 kDashow average methine CH HMQC:HSQC enhancement factors of 1.10 ± 0.15, withabout 40% of the cross peaks exhibiting better S/N ratios in the simultaneous CT-HMQCversions compared with the HSQC versions. 相似文献
Summary An approach to produce 13C-and 15N-enriched proteins is described. The concept is based on intracellular production of the recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli as fusions to an IgG-binding domain, Z, derived from staphylococcal protein A. The production method provides yields of 40–200 mg/l of isotope-enriched fusion proteins in defined minimal media. In addition, the Z fusion partner facilitates the first purification step by IgG affinity chromatography. The production system is applied to isotope enrichment of human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), and Z itself. High levels of protein production are achieved in shaker flasks using totally defined minimal medium supplemented with 13C6-glucose and (15NH4)2SO4 as the only carbon and nitrogen sources. Growth conditions were optimized to obtain high protein production levels and high levels of isotope incorporation, while minimizing 13C6-glucose usage. Incorporation levels of 13C and/or 15N isotopes in purified IGF-II, BPTI, and Z were confirmed using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. More than 99% of total isotope enrichment was obtained using a defined isotope-enriched minimal medium. The optimized systems provide reliable, high-level production of isotope-enriched fusion proteins. They can be used to produce 20–40 mg/l of properly folded Z and BPTI proteins. The production system of recombinant BPTI is state-of-the-art and provides the highest known yield of native refolded BPTI.Abbreviations BPTI
bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
- DTT
dithiothreitol
- Gdn-HCl
guanidinium hydrochloride
- IAA
-indole acrylic acid
- IGF-II
insulin-like growth factor II
- PBS
phosphate-buffered saline
- PDMS
plasma desorption mass spectrometry
- PFPA
pentafluoro propionic acid
- RP-HPLC
reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography
- Z
IgG-binding protein domain derived from staphylococcal protein A. 相似文献