Canopy structure,nitrogen distribution and whole canopy photosynthetic carbon gain in growing and flowering stands of tall herbs

Using a combination of mathematical modeling and field studies we showed that in dense stands of growing herbaceous plants the vertical pattern of leaf nitrogen distribution resembles the pattern of mean light attenuation in the stand and hence tends to maximize total daily photosynthetic carbon gain of the whole stand. Flowering represents a strong sink of nitrogen away from the photosynthetic apparatus and in herbs like Solidago altissima it induces leaf shedding. We studied both the effect of nitrogen reallocation and leaf shedding on the whole canopy photosynthesis and changes in leaf nitrogen distributions in stands moving from the growing to the flowering stage. Despite a decrease in leaf area index and total nitrogen available for photosynthesis in the flowering stand, the leaf nitrogen distribution here also leads to an almost maximum canopy photosynthesis. In both the growing and the flowering stands the leaf area index was higher than calculated optimum values. It is pointed out that this should not necessarily be interpreted as non-adaptive.     

On the relation between surface area and partitioning of particulates in two-polymer aqueous phase systems

Partitioning in dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous two-phase systems is an established method for the separation of biomaterials. Size and surface properties are generally regarded as parameters which contribute to the determination of the materials' partition coefficients, K. While molecular weight or surface area can be one of the determinants of the K value of biomaterials in the size range of macromolecules to very small particulates (e.g. some viruses), partitioning liposomes of identical surface properties and different but distinct sizes indicate that surface areas greater than about 0.2 μm² do not affect the K value obtained. Analysis of available partitioning data of much larger particulates (i.e. cells) reveals that surface properties per unit area outweigh surface area per se in determining the K value in non-charge-sensitive, charge-sensitive and biospecific affinity phase systems.     

Application of the functional-form model to the culture of seaweeds

Selecting the most appropriate species or strains is an important first step in the development of most algal cultivation systems and is usually a tedious, time-consuming, and expensive step. The functional-form model, first developed to synthesize the adaptive significance of easily assessed thallus-form attributes relative to the productivity and survival of benthic macroalgae, is applicable to the culture of seaweeds and can expedite species or strain selection. The production ecology aspects of the model are useful particularly for applications where the desired product is not species-specific, e.g., systems in which the emphasis is on algal production, such as algal biomass farms and wastewater treatment. A thallus-form with a high surface area: volume ratio is more suited for rapid production and nutrient uptake. The utility of this model to strain selection is demonstrated with the red alga Gracilaria tikvahiae, a species that has been considered a maricultural candidate for a number of utilizations. A continuum of surface area: volume ratios for eight clones of G. tikvahiae showed that this ratio decreased as morphological complexity increased and was a good predictor of both short-term photosynthesis and long-term growth rate. Clones near opposite ends of the surface area: volume ratio spectrum had significant differences for both photosynthesis and growth. Each clone of G. tikvahiae possesses concomitant combinations of benefits as well as costs, which should be carefully evaluated for the cultivation application of interest. Knowledge of functional-form relationships in seaweeds can significantly expedite their successful cultivation.     

Wood excavations of three species of subterranean termites

We compared the feeding excavations on wood blocks of three species of subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), and R. virginicus (Banks). Feeding rate followed the order C. formosanus > R. flavipes > R. virginicus. Wood surface area (mm²) exposed per unit feeding was higher for C. formosanus and R. flavipes than for R. virginicus. This was caused by the tendency of C. formosanus and R. flavipes to make internally penetrating tunnels, thereby increasing surface area, whereas R. virginicus made trough- and bowl-like depressions on the outside of blocks, sometimes decreasing the size of blocks outwardly without a corresponding high increase in surface area typical with the tunnels of the other species. Consequently, wood surface area was sometimes reduced, rather than increased as a result of feeding by R. virginicus. Different patterns of wood excavation suggest that these termites have divergent roles in wood decay processes.

---

Résumé Les organismes pionniers qui modifient le bois et le rendent acceptable par les insectes qui le perforent sont généralement des champignons du bois pourri. Cependant, une fois que les termites ou autres insectes perforant le bois ont pénétré, leurs galeries favorisent les bactéries fixatrices d'azote, permettent l'invasion d'autres organismes décomposeurs, et de ce fait régularisent la décomposition du bois (Ausmus, 1977). L'exposition de la surface à l'intérieur des perforations jouant un rôle très important dans le processus de pourrissement, il est souhaitable de pouvoir quantifier la surface des galeries dues à l'alimentation des termites. Une courbe type permettant de prédire l'aire de la surface perforée a été construite en perçant 109 morceaux de bois de trous cylindriques de différents diamètres, en calculant l'aire de la surface des morceaux de bois, en appliquant et pesant une couche de vernis pour bois au polyuréthane, et en divisant la masse de polyuréthane par l'aire de la surface. Le modèle prédictif qui en découle est: Y=0,01443×-3,51825 (P=0,0001; r=0,68), y étant la masse de polyuréthane (en g) et x la surface (en mm²) du morceau de bois. En traitant de la même façon au polyuréthane les morceaux de bois perforés par les termites, nous pourrions déduire leur surface.Une expérience a été effectuée avec 3 espèces de rhinotermitides,- Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) et R. virginicus (Banks). Des groupes de chaque espèce se sont alimentés pendant 11 ou 12 jours sur des morceaux de bois non contaminés par des champignons. Nous avons déterminé la survie, la consommation, la modification de la surface du morceau de bois (par utilisation du modèle prédictif) et le changement de surface par terminte.La survie est la même, mais la consommation est dans l'ordre suivant: C. formosanus > R. flavipes > R. virginicus. L'aire de la surface exposée par unité d'alimentation était plus élevée pour C. formosanus et R. flavipes que pour R. virginicus (Tab. 1). Ceci est dû à la tendance de C. formosanus et R. flavipes de creuser des galeries vers l'intérieur, tandis que R. virginicus fait des cuvettes à la surface du bois. Les attaques superficielles de R. virginicus réduisent parfois le volume du morceau de bois sans accroître proportionnellement la surface comme le font les espèces creusant des galeries. Ainsi, avec R. virginicus la surface peut être réduite au lieu d'augmenter. Des différences entre colonies s'observent avec toutes les variables (Tab. 2).Nos résultats suggèrent que C. formosanus et R. flavipes contribuent plus que R. virginicus à exposer le bois aux autres organismes décomposeurs. Cependant, ces résultats peuvent être modifiés par un conditionnement préalable du bois par des champignons.

     

Structure and seasonal distribution of litterfall in young plantations of Populus ‘Tristis#1’

Litterfall was sampled in 3- to 7-year-old irrigated and fertilized plantings of Populus Tristis#1 in northern Wisconsin. Leaves accounted for more than 90 per cent of the total litter and reached an asymptotic value of about 4,000 to 4,200 kg/ha. Leaf litterfall culminated in late September or first half of October. Inadequate light appeared to be responsible for an early (June) leaf fall in dense plantings. The maximum cumulative leaf area index ranged from 8.4 to 8.7. The pattern of foliation and defoliation was similar: it started with small leaves in the lower canopy and ended with large leaves of the upper canopy. Longevity of the small leaves was shorter than that of the large leaves. Leaf size was positively affected by fertilization but was not affected by a discontinuation of irrigation by mid-July during the droughty 1976. The specific leaf weight ranged from 2.6 mg/cm² in the lower canopy to 10.2 mg/cm² in the upper canopy. The specific leaf weight of litter leaves was 4 to 38 per cent lower than that of green leaves of the same size.     

Two types of luliberin-immunoreactive perikarya in the preoptic area of the rat

Summary At the light microscopic level, following immunostaining with a single antiserum against luliberin (LRF), two types of hormone-producing perikarya in the preoptic area are demonstrated. The two cell types differ in their morphological features: a bipolar, smooth-contoured cell type can be differentiated from an irregularly contoured unipolar type. Intermediate forms between both cell types occurring in the same area are not observed. Electron microscopically, both cell types contain labeled granules of similar size and immunoreactivity. It is dicussed whether the uneven surface of the one cell type is due to areas of synaptic contacts, and whether both cell types are integrated in different neuronal and functional circuits. Moreover, at the ultrastructural level, from the irregularly contoured LRF-producing perikarya a further positively stained cell type, probably a glial cell, can be differentiated. The specific labeling of the latter is caused by its content of immunoreactive lysosomal bodies. Differentiation between the labeled glial cells and the irregularly contoured LRF-producing perikarya is not possible at the light microscopic level.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Grant Nr. Kr 569/3) and by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk