四川白水河自然保护区问题分析排序与对策研究

以白水河国家级自然保护区为研究对象,采用“问题树模型”、“对策树模型”和“距阵排序”等分析工具,对白水河自然保护区过去存在的问题进行分析与评价,并提出了白水河自然保护区的具体保护管理对策。     

桂西南石漠化山地土壤种子库的基本特征及植被恢复对策

采用幼苗萌发法对广西平果县龙何示范区石漠化山地的土壤种子库进行初步研究。结果表明,该地区土壤种子库共有108种植物,隶属于33科81属,其中草本81种、灌木20种、藤本7种;其土壤种子库的种子密度为64.6~339.7粒.m-2,且在不同土地利用类型区及不同季节存在较大差别。在分析土壤种子库对其植被恢复作用的基础上,认为可采取自然封育和人工造林等措施,以促进现存植被的正向演替。     

Positive implicit attitudes toward odor words

Associations between certain odors and for instance health effects may lead to positive or negative attitudes toward these odors. However, in experiments we conducted using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), we encountered attitudes even to odor "words." The IAT is based on the principle that reaction times measuring the association between words from a target dimension (in this case, odor vs. a neutral reference category) and an attribute dimension (i.e., positive or negative words) reflect the attitude to the target, where attitude-congruent associations between target and attribute are reflected by shorter reaction times. In a first experiment, we found distinctly positive attitudes to the concept odor in a student sample, which was replicated in a second experiment. In the main experiment, subjects in the aromatherapy group, who prefer using scented consumer products for relaxation purposes, showed a significantly more positive attitude toward odor words in the IAT than a control group, who did not have such a preference. The fact that results from the implicit test were not always associated with explicitly stated attitudes toward the odor words attests to the fact that the IAT measures the attitude of interest in a different way. As such, the IAT has added value in circumstances where explicit tests can be biased.     

国家重点生态功能区城市与毗邻非生态功能区城市绿色发展水平测度与时空差异

以黑龙江省为主体的中国北方森林湿地生态功能区及毗邻地区作为实证研究区域,从绿色生产、绿色生活、绿色生态三个维度构建绿色发展水平测度指标体系,运用熵权-TOPSIS评价法、障碍度模型、趋势移动平均模型等方法,对2009—2018年期间长白山森林生态功能区、三江平原湿地生态功能区、大小兴安岭森林生态功能区及毗邻的非生态功能对照区绿色发展水平进行了动态测度和时空差异比较、评估了绿色转型发展速度、识别并分析了障碍因素作用,预测了绿色发展趋势水平。主要结论如下：(1)区域自然生态本底优质,但各功能区绿色发展水平相对较低,绿色指数均低于0.6;十年间各功能区绿色发展水平呈小幅上升趋势。城市间绿色发展整体水平的最大差距徘徊在0.16—0.17之间,呈微弱缩小态势。(2)从3个时间节点各功能区整体绿色发展空间格局上看,长白山森林生态功能区处于较高水平,三江平原湿地生态功能区水平偏低。大小兴安岭森林生态功能区绿色发展水平上升幅度较大,毗邻对照区则较小。高水平类型城市数量有所增加,由1个增加至3个,低水平地区数量下降,由4个下降至2个,并呈向高水平转变的趋势。(3)区域绿色转型效果总体不显著,转型速度缓慢...     

干扰对生态系统多功能性的影响研究进展

干扰作为生态系统中的一种固有属性,在部分生态系统中已严重影响到了该地区生态系统平衡。生态系统多功能性作为衡量生态系统的一个综合指标,能够同时反映生态系统的整体功能。随着干扰活动的不断变化,干扰对生态系统的影响也受到社会各界广泛关注,针对干扰对生态系统多功能性的研究也在不断增加,但由于对干扰对生态系统多功能性的影响还缺乏系统总结,因此本文从概念进展、量化指标、测度方法、影响因子四个方面论述生态系统多功能性的研究现状,结合干扰对生态系统多功能性的研究,对比分析其研究进展,以期为今后生态系统多功能性的研究提供参考。针对目前森林生态系统多功能性研究存在的问题,今后的相关研究应从以下三点实现突破:(1)生态系统多功能性的应用性研究;(2)评估各生态系统功能之间的相互作用对生态系统多功能性的影响研究;(3)干扰对生态系统多功能性影响的机制性研究。以期为进一步探索干扰对生态系统多功能性的影响机制研究提供借鉴,以推动该领域的发展。     

福寿螺的生物防治现状、问题与对策

福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)作为一种世界性入侵生物,引入中国已有30余年,现已在中国南方十多个省市大面积分布,造成不可估量的经济损失和生态灾害。本文系统总结了福寿螺生物防治中的天敌资源种类,涵盖了腹足纲、环带纲、昆虫纲、软甲纲、辐鳍鱼纲、爬行纲、鸟纲、哺乳纲等8个类别。并从天敌的引入、研发、利用等方面以及福寿螺应对天敌的防御策略上指出了目前福寿螺生物防治中面临的主要问题。最后对其未来的研究提出了展望,即重点从原产地天敌、寄生性天敌、微生物、生物防治植物和本地经济动物等方面进行筛选,以期为利用中国丰富的生物资源进行福寿螺的生物防治提供参考。     

南方稻田活性氮损失途径及其影响因素

基于文献数据,研究了南方不同稻区水稻生长期氧化亚氮排放(N₂O排放)、硝态氮或铵态氮淋洗(N淋洗)、硝态氮或铵态氮径流(N径流)、氨挥发(NH₃挥发)的差异及其影响因素.结果表明: N₂O排放、N淋洗和N径流主要发生在长江流域单季稻区,损失量分别为1.89、6.4和10.4 kg N·hm^-2,损失率分别为0.8%、3.8%和5.3%,较高施氮量和稻田土壤干湿交替可能是主要原因;NH₃挥发主要发生在华南晚稻,损失量和损失率分别为54.9 kg N·hm^-2和35.2%,晚稻生长期较高的温度可能是NH₃挥发较大的主要原因.田间优化管理措施减少某一途径氮损失的同时可能会增加另一种途径氮素损失,实际生产中应综合考虑田间管理措施对各种活性氮损失的影响,活性氮损失量随着水稻产量水平的提高而增加,主要是因为施氮量也在逐渐增加.随着氮肥偏生产力的增加,N₂O排放、N淋洗和N径流损失率逐渐下降,因此,努力减小单位产量的氮损失,是协同提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率的重要途径.     

Closest targets in environmental efficiency evaluation based on enhanced Russell measure

As environmental problems become more and more serious all over the world, environmental efficiency evaluation has drawn increasing interests of many scholars and governments’ decision makers. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) as a non-parametric approach for evaluating the relative efficiency of a group of decision making units (DMUs) has been widely extended and applied in many areas. Among various DEA models, enhanced Russell measure (ERM) model can measure the inefficiencies from input orientation and output orientation simultaneously. In this paper, we proposed a new non-orientation DEA approach based on enhanced Russell measure for measuring the environmental efficiency of a DMU and meanwhile, provided the closest target for the evaluated DMU to efficient with less effort. At last, our approach was applied to a practical example about thermal power enterprises. The results show that our model can provide a much easier way for the inefficient enterprises to improve their efficiencies than the enhanced Russell measure method. Moreover, the provided benchmarks for enterprises through our model can be used to further rank the efficient ones.     

Comparing and combining distance-based and character-based approaches for barcoding turtles

Molecular barcoding can serve as a powerful tool in wildlife forensics and may prove to be a vital aid in conserving organisms that are threatened by illegal wildlife trade, such as turtles (Order Testudines). We produced cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) sequences (650 bp) for 174 turtle species and combined these with publicly available sequences for 50 species to produce a data set representative of the breadth of the order. Variability within the barcode region was assessed, and the utility of both distance-based and character-based methods for species identification was evaluated. For species in which genetic material from more than one individual was available (n = 69), intraspecific divergences were 1.3% on average, although divergences greater than the customary 2% barcode threshold occurred within 15 species. High intraspecific divergences could indicate species with a high degree of internal genetic structure or possibly even cryptic species, although introgression is also probable in some of these taxa. Divergences between species of the same genus were 6.4% on average; however, 49 species were <2% divergent from congeners. Low levels of interspecific divergence could be caused by recent evolutionary radiations coupled with the low rates of mtDNA evolution previously observed in turtles. Complementing distance-based barcoding with character-based methods for identifying diagnostic sets of nucleotides provided better resolution in several cases where distance-based methods failed to distinguish species. An online identification engine was created to provide character-based identifications. This study constitutes the first comprehensive barcoding effort for this seriously threatened order.     

Classifying antibodies using flow cytometry data: class prediction and class discovery

Classifying monoclonal antibodies, based on the similarity of their binding to the proteins (antigens) on the surface of blood cells, is essential for progress in immunology, hematology and clinical medicine. The collaborative efforts of researchers from many countries have led to the classification of thousands of antibodies into 247 clusters of differentiation (CD). Classification is based on flow cytometry and biochemical data. In preliminary classifications of antibodies based on flow cytometry data, the object requiring classification (an antibody) is described by a set of random samples from unknown densities of fluorescence intensity. An individual sample is collected in the experiment, where a population of cells of a certain type is stained by the identical fluorescently marked replicates of the antibody of interest. Samples are collected for multiple cell types. The classification problems of interest include identifying new CDs (class discovery or unsupervised learning) and assigning new antibodies to the known CD clusters (class prediction or supervised learning). These problems have attracted limited attention from statisticians. We recommend a novel approach to the classification process in which a computer algorithm suggests to the analyst the subset of the "most appropriate" classifications of an antibody in class prediction problems or the "most similar" pairs/ groups of antibodies in class discovery problems. The suggested algorithm speeds up the analysis of a flow cytometry data by a factor 10-20. This allows the analyst to focus on the interpretation of the automatically suggested preliminary classification solutions and on planning the subsequent biochemical experiments.