全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2847篇 |
免费 | 264篇 |
国内免费 | 229篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 64篇 |
2022年 | 47篇 |
2021年 | 91篇 |
2020年 | 89篇 |
2019年 | 115篇 |
2018年 | 90篇 |
2017年 | 116篇 |
2016年 | 123篇 |
2015年 | 137篇 |
2014年 | 139篇 |
2013年 | 200篇 |
2012年 | 133篇 |
2011年 | 129篇 |
2010年 | 103篇 |
2009年 | 147篇 |
2008年 | 145篇 |
2007年 | 141篇 |
2006年 | 132篇 |
2005年 | 112篇 |
2004年 | 104篇 |
2003年 | 87篇 |
2002年 | 87篇 |
2001年 | 101篇 |
2000年 | 87篇 |
1999年 | 76篇 |
1998年 | 67篇 |
1997年 | 50篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 38篇 |
1994年 | 35篇 |
1993年 | 25篇 |
1992年 | 30篇 |
1991年 | 22篇 |
1990年 | 18篇 |
1989年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 20篇 |
1984年 | 27篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 16篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有3340条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
121.
Cyanobacterial populations detected on buildings by traditional methods are mainly filamentous, whereas direct microscopy shows that they are principally coccoid morphotypes that often cannot be isolated in culture, but may grow on artificial media when the spatial biofilm relationships are maintained. The polyphasic strategy described here was to select morphologically distinct colonies from rehydrated biofilms for direct DNA amplification, allowing uncultured organisms to be sequenced and their morphology to be characterized by microscopy. DNA data banks currently contain many entries for cyanobacteria of unrecorded morphology, which does not facilitate identification, although genetic variability in a population may be assessed. The sequence homologies of the present biofilm organisms (EMBL accession numbers AJ619681 to 619690) with those in DNA databanks were low, indicating differences between xerophytic cyanobacteria on walls and aquatic species comprising the majority in the databases. Further development of databases for the populations found in this environment, subject to temperature extremes, repeated desiccation and high UV and salt levels, is required. 相似文献
122.
123.
Thomas J. Near Peter. C. Wainwright 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2013,67(2):417-428
The relationship between habitat complexity and species richness is well established but comparatively little is known about the evolution of morphological diversity in complex habitats. Reefs are structurally complex, highly productive shallow‐water marine ecosystems found in tropical (coral reefs) and temperate zones (rocky reefs) that harbor exceptional levels of biodiversity. We investigated whether reef habitats promote the evolution of morphological diversity in the feeding and locomotion systems of grunts (Haemulidae), a group of predominantly nocturnal fishes that live on both temperate and tropical reefs. Using phylogenetic comparative methods and statistical analyses that take into account uncertainty in phylogeny and the evolutionary history of reef living, we demonstrate that rates of morphological evolution are faster in reef‐dwelling haemulids. The magnitude of this effect depends on the type of trait; on average, traits involved in the functional systems for prey capture and processing evolve twice as fast on reefs as locomotor traits. This result, along with the observation that haemulids do not exploit unique feeding niches on reefs, suggests that fine‐scale trophic niche partitioning and character displacement may be driving higher rates of morphological evolution. Whatever the cause, there is growing evidence that reef habitats stimulate morphological and functional diversification in teleost fishes. 相似文献
124.
Isabelle Séguy Henri Caussinus Daniel Courgeau Luc Buchet 《American journal of physical anthropology》2013,150(2):170-183
Paleodemographers have developed several methods for estimating the age structure of historical populations in absence of civil registration data. Starting from biological indicators alone, they use a reference population of known sex and age to assess the conditional distribution of the biological indicator given age. However, the small amount of data available and the unstable nature of the related statistical problem mean that most methods are disappointing. Using the most reliable reference data possible, we propose a simple statistical method, integrating the maximum amount of information included in the actual data, which quite significantly improves age estimates for a buried population. Here the method is applied to a French cemetery used from Late Antiquity to the end of the Early Middle Ages. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
125.
126.
木质部压力探针技术是目前直接测定植物木质部导管负压的唯一手段。在结构上,木质部压力探针测定系统由精密操作装置、压力探针系统和信号采集—传输一显示系统三大部分组成。其测定原理是将毛细管探针刺入木质部导管,通过传导介质将木质部导管负压传至压力传感器,压力传感器感应压力并将压力信号输出。本文从玻璃毛细管探针的制作、去气泡水的制备以及压力探针的校准、安装、测定等方面详细介绍了木质部压力探针的使用方法和注意事项。 相似文献
127.
为选择最适于猴头菌多糖的脱色方法,本论文先比较了活性炭吸附法、化学脱色法、大孔树脂法等三种常用的脱色方法对猴头菌多糖的脱色效果及脱色前后免疫活性的变化,发现大孔树脂法更适合于猴头菌多糖的脱色,接着对十种不同类型的大孔树脂进行了筛选,通过脱色前后脱色率、多糖保留率及体外免疫活性的比较,最后发现大孔弱碱性阴离子树脂D315最适合用于猴头菌粗多糖的脱色. 相似文献
128.
Geoffrey Guest Francesco Cherubini Anders Hammer Strømman 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2013,5(4):459-466
Bioenergy makes up a significant portion of the global primary energy pie, and its production from modernized technology is foreseen to substantially increase. The climate neutrality of biogenic CO2 emissions from bioenergy grown from sustainably managed biomass resource pools has recently been questioned. The temporary change caused in atmospheric CO2 concentration from biogenic carbon fluxes was found to be largely dependent on the length of biomass rotation period. In this work, we also show the importance of accounting for the unutilized biomass that is left to decompose in the resource pool and how the characterization factor for the climate impact of biogenic CO2 emissions changes whether residues are removed for bioenergy or not. With the case of Norwegian Spruce biomass grown in Norway, we found that significantly more biogenic CO2 emissions should be accounted towards contributing to global warming potential when residues are left in the forest. For a 100‐year time horizon, the global warming potential bio factors suggest that between 44 and 62% of carbon‐flux, neutral biogenic CO2 emissions at the energy conversion plant should be attributed to causing equivalent climate change potential as fossil‐based CO2 emissions. For a given forest residue extraction scenario, the same factor should be applied to the combustion of any combination of stem and forest residues. Life cycle analysis practitioners should take these impacts into account and similar region/species specific factors should be developed. 相似文献
129.
Accurate estimates of heritability () are necessary to assess adaptive responses of populations and evolution of fitness‐related traits in changing environments. For plants, estimates generally rely on maternal progeny designs, assuming that offspring are either half‐sibs or unrelated. However, plant mating systems often depart from half‐sib assumptions, this can bias estimates. Here, we investigate how to accurately estimate in nonmodel species through the analysis of sibling designs with a moderate genotyping effort. We performed simulations to investigate how microsatellite marker information available for only a subset of offspring can improve estimates based on maternal progeny designs in the presence of nonrandom mating, inbreeding in the parental population or maternal effects. We compared the basic family method, considering or not adjustments based on average relatedness coefficients, and methods based on the animal model. The animal model was used with average relatedness information, or with hybrid relatedness information: associating one‐generation pedigree and family assumptions, or associating one‐generation pedigree and average relatedness coefficients. Our results highlighted that methods using marker‐based relatedness coefficients performed as well as pedigree‐based methods in the presence of nonrandom mating (i.e. unequal male reproductive contributions, selfing), offering promising prospects to investigate in situ heritabilities in natural populations. In the presence of maternal effects, only the use of pairwise relatednesses through pedigree information improved the accuracy of estimates. In that case, the amount of father‐related offspring in the sibling design is the most critical. Overall, we showed that the method using both one‐generation pedigree and average relatedness coefficients was the most robust to various ecological scenarios. 相似文献
130.
教育中的同伴效应是指宿舍、班级、年级或学校内同伴的背景、行为及产出对学生产出或行为的影响。教育中的同伴效应起初使用的是同质性模型,即认为无论个体如何选择同伴,总效益是不变的,同伴效应是一种零和现象。进而发展到异质性模型,即认为同伴效应对不同个体的作用结果是不一样的,通过合理的分配能够提高总效益。研究方法则从以普通最小二乘法为主的统计关联研究,发展到借助于随机实验、自然实验以及准实验的因果推断研究。同伴效应的研究为正确地认识和评价相关教育政策,获得最优组织学校教学的方式,提高教学效率提供了依据。 相似文献