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111.
112.
Deveau A Palin B Delaruelle C Peter M Kohler A Pierrat JC Sarniguet A Garbaye J Martin F Frey-Klett P 《The New phytologist》2007,175(4):743-755
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Wide geographical and ecological distribution of nitrogen and carbon gains from fungi in pyroloids and monotropoids (Ericaceae) and in orchids 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
* Stable isotope abundance analyses recently revealed that some European green orchids and pyroloids (Ericaceae) are partially myco-heterotrophic, exploiting mycorrhizal fungi for organic carbon and nitrogen. Here we investigate related species to assess their nutritional mode across various forest and climate types in Germany and California. * C- and N-isotope signatures of five green pyroloids, three green orchids and several obligate myco-heterotrophic species (including the putatively fully myco-heterotrophic Pyrola aphylla) were analysed to quantify the green plants' nutrient gain from their fungal partners and to investigate the constancy of enrichment in (13)C and (15)N of fully myco-heterotrophic plants from diverse taxa and locations relative to neighbouring autotrophic plants. * All green pyroloid and one orchid species showed significant (15)N enrichment, confirming incorporation of fungi-derived N compounds while heterotrophic C gain was detected only under low irradiance in Orthilia secunda. Pyrola aphylla had an isotope signature equivalent to those of fully myco-heterotrophic plants. * It is demonstrated that primarily N gain from mycorrhizal fungi occurred in all taxonomic groups investigated across a wide range of geographical and ecological contexts. The (13)C and (15)N enrichment of obligate myco-heterotrophic plants relative to accompanying autotrophic plants turned out as a fairly constant parameter. 相似文献
115.
Shin Deguchi Yumi Shimazaki Sunao Uozumi Keitaro Tawaraya Hidenori Kawamoto Osamu Tanaka 《Plant and Soil》2007,291(1-2):291-299
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of white clover living mulch on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)
fungus colonization of corn roots and the yield of silage corn. The following seven treatments were setup in a field that
had been kept bare by rotary tillage from August 2003 to July 2004: two white clover living mulch treatments without phosphorus
(P) application, with the white clover shoots clipped and removed or allowed to lie in place before sowing corn; one no-tillage
treatment without P application; and four rotary tillage treatments with different P application rates. White clover was broadcasted
in the living mulch treatments in August 2004. In June 2005, the white clover shoots in the living mulch treatments were clipped.
After tilling the four rotary tillage treatments, corn was sown in all the treatments. The fallow period before sowing corn
was 0 month (living mulch treatments) and 22 months (no-tillage and rotary tillage treatments). At knee high stage, the AM
fungus colonization of the corn roots and the P concentrations of the corn shoots in both the living mulch treatments were
increased relative to those in the other treatments. The yield of corn tended to increase in the no-tillage and rotary tillage
treatments with an increase in the P application rate. On the other hand, the yields of corn in the living mulch treatments
without the P application were not significantly different from the maximum yield among the no-tillage and rotary tillage
treatments. These results suggested that the white clover living mulch increased the yield of corn by facilitating the AM
fungus colonization and improving the P nutrition of corn. 相似文献
116.
Jasmonates in arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The mutualistic interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is believed to be regulated from the plant side among other signals by the action of phytohormones. Evidences for this are based mainly on application experiments and determination of phytohormone levels in AM roots by comparison to non-mycorrhizal roots. In case of jasmonates, additional proof is given by reverse genetic approaches, which led to first insights into their putative role in the establishment and functioning of the symbiosis. This review summarizes the current data about phytohormone action in AM roots and the role of jasmonates in particular. 相似文献
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A pot-culture experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus macrocarpum Tul. and Tul.) on plant growth and Cd2+uptake by Apium graveolens L. in soil with different levels of Cd2+. Mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants were grown in soil with 0, 5, 10, 40 and 80 Cd2+ mg kg−1soil. The infectivity of the fungus was not affected by the presence of Cd2+ in the soil. M plants showed better growth and less Cd2+ toxicity symptoms. Cd2+ root : shoot ratio was higher in M plants than in NM plants. These differences were more evident at highest Cd2+ level (80 mg kg−1 soil). Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b concentrations were significantly higher in AM-inoculated celery leaves. The dilution effect due to increased biomass, immobilization
of Cd2+ in root and enhanced P-uptake in M plants may be related to attenuation of Cd2+toxicity in celery. 相似文献
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120.
The minimum chromosome number of Glomus intraradices was assessed through cloning and sequencing of the highly divergent telomere-associated sequences (TAS) and by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The telomere of G. intraradices, as in other filamentous fungi, consists of TTAGGG repeats, this was confirmed using Bal31 nuclease time course reactions. Telomere length was estimated to be roughly 0.9 kb by Southern blots on genomic DNA and a telomere probe. We have identified six classes of cloned chromosomal termini based on the TAS. An unusually high genetic variation was observed within two of the six TAS classes. To further assess the total number of chromosome termini, we used telomere fingerprinting. Surprisingly, all hybridization patterns showed smears, which demonstrate that TAS are remarkably variable in the G. intraradices genome. These analyses predict the presence of at least three chromosomes in G. intraradices while PFGE showed a pattern of four bands ranging from 1.2 to 1.5 Mb. Taken together, our results indicate that there are at least four chromosomes in G. intraradices but there are probably more. The information on TAS and telomeres in the G. intradicies will be essential for making a physical map of the G. intraradices genome and could provide molecular markers for future studies of genetic variation among nuclei in these multigenomic fungi. 相似文献