乌鲁木齐山地草地生态系统服务价值变化评估——基于遥感与GIS

草地生态系统服务功能是指草地生态系统及其生态过程所形成和维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境及其有效性,中国干旱半干旱地区的草地退化严重制约着生态系统服务功能的。以乌鲁木齐市山地草地为研究靶区,利用遥感图像(Landsat TM/OLI)划分出7种不同草地类型并计算其生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values, ESV)。使用空间统计方法、网格分析、空间自相关等方法进一步分析研究区山地草地退化程度和ESV变化。结果表明:21年中,乌鲁木齐市草地生态系统服务价值呈现波动性下降趋势,年均减少0.27×10~7元。生态损失主要是由山地荒漠草地(7.44%)、山地荒漠草原草地(10.71%)、山地草甸草原草地(18.32%)和高寒草甸草地(40.69%)退化造成。单项生态系统服务价值中,草地对调节服务(土壤形成)和供给服务的贡献率较高。草地ESVs Moran平均值为0.869(1994—2015年),并且草地ESV与相邻网格(2 km×2 km)具有更高的空间相关性。草地ESV具有明显的空间分布特征,高ESV区基本上分布在南山山区,低ESV区主要分布在平原草地区,博格达山草地亚区呈现随机分布格局。研究区气候变化对草地的影响十分显著,平均气温、平均地表温度、湿度、蒸散量、降水量和风速对草地ESV变化均有一定的影响,过度放牧、不合理垦荒、药用植物过度开发、城市化等人为活动仍然是驱动草地退化的主要因子,因此亟需采取措施保育乌鲁木齐市山地草原生态系统。     

气候变化与人类活动对内蒙古东部草地净初级生产力的影响

内蒙古东部草地是该区域的主体生态系统类型,属于脆弱的生态系统,对气候和人类活动反应敏感。基于土地覆被数据和改进CACS模型,估算得到的草地NPP,分析2000-2015年内蒙古东部草地和NPP时空格局与年际动态。进而,定义相对退化指数（RDI）,确定草地生产力变化过程中人类活动因素的贡献率,分析内蒙古东部地区2000-2015年RDI空间格局与年际动态。同时,分析16年间NPP和气候因子相关关系。结果表明：1）2000-2015年间,损失草地面积4743.80 km²,新增草地面积2705.57 km²。2）2000-2015年内蒙古东部地区草地植被平均NPP位于166.56-248.14 gC m^-2 a^-1之间,NPP在波动中呈现明显的上升趋势（3.65 gC m^-2 a^-1/a,R²=0.47）。3）2000-2015年RDI在16.64%-30.54%之间波动,RDI值呈缓慢下降趋势,表明人类活动对草地植被净初级生产力的干扰程度在下降。4）草地NPP变化主要是因为草地本身生产力下降。整体来看相关草地保护工作取得了阶段性进展,草地生境质量得到有效缓解,草地生态环境得到转变。     

樟子松人工林营建对土壤颗粒组成变化的影响

植被恢复是退化生态系统的主要恢复措施,也是人类改善区域生态环境较为重要和直接的活动。目前,针对不同植被恢复方式对干旱半干旱地区土壤理化性质及生物特征开展了大量研究。然而,关于科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林营建对土壤颗粒组成变化的影响却鲜有报道。因此,以辽宁省章古台地区不同生长阶段(包括幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林和过熟林)的20块樟子松人工林样地为研究对象(以临近的7块天然草地为对照),研究了沙地樟子松人工林营建对0—100 cm土层土壤颗粒组成变化的影响。结果表明:沙质草地营建樟子松人工林后,不同土层土壤细颗粒(0.05 mm)含量均呈增加趋势,并且在0—10 cm层增加趋势明显,随土层深度增加土壤细颗粒增加量逐渐降低(除幼龄林外),但樟子松林地土壤颗粒组成仍以砂粒为主,土壤粘粒和粉粒含量极低(仅占5%左右)。随着樟子松人工林林龄的增加,土壤细颗粒变化量在0—10 cm层逐渐升高,而在10—100 cm层并无显著变化趋势。土壤细颗粒含量的变化在10—100 cm层与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,在0—10、20—40 cm和80—100 cm层与土壤全钾极显著负相关,在20—60 cm层与土壤有机碳呈显著正相关,在10—40 cm和80—100 cm层分别与土壤全磷呈显著正相关和负相关。综上所述,樟子松人工林营建可有效提高土壤细颗粒含量且在土壤表层效果明显,但短期内并不会使土壤颗粒组成发生显著变化,樟子松林改善土壤颗粒组成的同时也会使其他土壤因子发生相应的变化。     

脉冲式降水对不同类型草地土壤微生物呼吸碳释放量的影响

降水事件引起土壤短时间内释放大量CO_2的现象常称为降水脉冲效应。降水事件发生后,由于水分和养分可获得性快速提升使土壤微生物呼吸速率快速升高至正常水分状况的数倍,从而导致土壤CO_2大量释放并一定程度上影响着生态系统碳循环过程和土壤碳平衡,尤其在干旱或半干旱地区。利用自主研发的能快速测定土壤微生物呼吸速率的装置,对内蒙古三类典型草原(草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原)土壤分别开展土壤复湿实验(60%饱和含水量),并采用高频测定(48 h测定288次)。在土壤复湿后在所有温带草地类型中均发生了明显的脉冲效应,降水脉冲过程中单位有机质(土壤有机碳,SOC)最大呼吸速率(R_(SOC-max))整体表现为荒漠草原(1.59 mg C g~(-1) SOC h~(-1))草甸草原(0.73 mg C g~(-1) SOC h~(-1))典型草原(0.50 mg C g~(-1) SOC h~(-1));而脉冲效应的持续时间(Duration)则表现为典型草原(2.5 h)草甸草原(1.5 h)荒漠草原(0.67 h)。在土壤复湿48 h内,单位土壤微生物呼吸累积量(A_(R_(Soil)))的大小规律与单位土壤微生物呼吸速率R_(Soil)一致,均为典型草原草甸草原荒漠草原;然而,如果用土壤有机质进行标准化,单位有机质呼吸累积量A_(R_(SOC))表现为荒漠草原(9.74 mg C g~(-1) SOC)典型草原(6.54 mg C g~(-1) SOC)草甸草原(3.54 mg C g~(-1) SOC),与当地年降雨频率呈负相关关系,表明降水脉冲效应与土壤长期经历的干旱状况存在密切关系。本研究结果不仅证明在干旱半干旱区域降水脉冲效应的普遍性,同时还启发我们应从国家或区域尺度开展研究,以进一步揭示土壤基质含量、土壤干旱状况等对降水脉冲效应的影响。     

Trophic level and basal resource use of soil animals are hardly affected by local plant associations in abandoned arable land

Plants provide resources and shape the habitat of soil organisms thereby affecting the composition and functioning of soil communities. Effects of plants on soil communities are largely taxon‐dependent, but how different functional groups of herbaceous plants affect trophic niches of individual animal species in soil needs further investigation. Here, we studied the use of basal resources and trophic levels of dominating soil meso‐ and macrofauna using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in arable fallow systems 3 and 14–16 years after abandonment. Animals were sampled from the rhizosphere of three plant species of different functional groups: a legume (Medicaco sativa), a nonlegume herb (Taraxacum officinale), and a grass (Bromus sterilis). We found virtually no consistent effects of plant identity on stable isotope composition of soil animals and on thirteen isotopic metrics that reflect general food‐web structure. However, in old fallows, the carbon isotope composition of some predatory macrofauna taxa had shifted closer to that of co‐occurring plants, which was particularly evident for Lasius, an aphid‐associated ant genus. Trophic levels and trophic‐chain lengths in food webs were similar across plant species and fallow ages. Overall, the results suggest that variations in local plant diversity of grassland communities may little affect the basal resources and the trophic level of prey consumed by individual species of meso‐ and macrofauna belowground. By contrast, successional changes in grassland communities are associated with shifts in the trophic niches of certain species, reflecting establishment of trophic interactions with time, which shapes the functioning and stability of soil food webs.     

Nitrogen economy of alpine plants on the north Tibetan Plateau: Nitrogen conservation by resorption rather than open sources through biological symbiotic fixation

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity, and N fixation by legume species is an important source of N input into ecosystems. Meanwhile, N resorption from senescent plant tissues conserves nutrients taken up in the current season, which may alleviate ecosystem N limitation. N fixation was assessed by the ¹⁵N dilution technique in four types of alpine grasslands along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients. The N resorption efficiency (NRE) was also measured in these alpine grasslands. The aboveground biomass in the alpine meadow was 4–6 times higher than in the alpine meadow steppe, alpine steppe, and alpine desert steppe. However, the proportion of legume species to community biomass in the alpine steppe and the alpine desert steppe was significantly higher than the proportion in the alpine meadow. N fixation by the legume plants in the alpine meadow was 0.236 g N/m², which was significantly higher than N fixation in other alpine grasslands (0.041 to 0.089 g N/m²). The NRE in the alpine meadows was lower than in the other three alpine grasslands. Both the aboveground biomass and N fixation of the legume plants showed decreasing trends with the decline of precipitation and soil N gradients from east to west, while the NRE of alpine plants showed increasing trends along the gradients, which indicates that alpine plants enhance the NRE to adapt to the increasing droughts and nutrient‐poor environments. The opposite trends of N fixation and NRE along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients indicate that alpine plants adapt to precipitation and soil nutrient limitation by promoting NRE (conservative nutrient use by alpine plants) rather than biological N fixation (open sources by legume plants) on the north Tibetan Plateau.     

Comparison of Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of <i>Taxus chinensis</i> var. <i>mairei </i>Seedlings Root under Waterlogging Stress in Different Substrates

Four different ratios of river sand, ceramic pellets, vermiculite and perlite (1:1), and field soil were selected as the substrates in this experiment, and four gradient levels of root waterlogging, half waterlogging, full waterlogging and normal were set to investigate the effects of different gradients of waterlogging stress on the root morphology of Taxus chinensis var. mairei seedlings under different substrates. In this study, the root anatomical structure of Taxus chinensis var. mairei under different waterlogging stress was observed by the paraffin section method. The roots of T. chinensis var. mairei were diarch, with no pith and resin canals. There was a large number of tannins in the pericycle of the aerial adventitious roots of seedlings adapted to waterlogging. Also, the endodermis has obvious casparian strip thickening, and there were 4-5 layers of large parenchymatous cells in the close to the inner side of the pericycle in the vascular cylinder, which could increase the storage capacity, and transport capacity of the root. Under the treatment of root waterlogging stress, the development of plant roots in the mixed substrate of vermiculite and, perlite was the earliest. Under half waterlogging stress, T. chinensis var. mairei seedlings treated with various substrates all could better adapt to the environment of waterlogging stress. Under the stress of fully waterlogging, the roots of seedlings planted in river sand substrate developed secondary growth.     

高寒草地土壤温室气体排放对放牧的响应研究进展

高寒草地生态系统具有独特的地理环境和气候特征,对放牧干扰十分敏感,在全球温室气体通量中贡献突出,研究高寒草地放牧对土壤温室气体排放的影响机制具有重要意义。本文总结高寒草地温室气体源/汇特征、不同放牧方式对土壤微环境和微生物群落结构的影响,发现高寒草地主要是CO₂源、CH₄汇、N₂O源。放牧通过家畜选择性采食、践踏和排泄物返还等多重机制作用于地上植物、土壤结构、温度、湿度和养分,进而影响地下微生物及温室气体通量。本文旨在为高寒草地生态系统健康发展和管理及缓解全球气候变化提供科学依据,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

Inconsistent detection of extinction debts using different methods

The extinction debt, delayed species extinctions following landscape degradation, is a widely discussed concept. But a consensus about the prevalence of extinctions debts is hindered by a multiplicity of methods and a lack of comparisons among habitats. We applied three contrasting species–area relationship methods to test for plant community extinction debts in three habitats which had different degradation histories over the last century: calcareous grassland, heathland and woodland. These methods differ in their data requirements, with the first two using information on past and current habitat area alongside current species richness, whilst the last method also requires data on past species richness. The most data‐intensive, and hence arguably most reliable method, identified extinction debts across all habitats for specialist species, whilst the other methods did not. All methods detected an extinction debt in calcareous grassland, which had undergone the most severe degradation. We conclude that some methods failed to detect an extinction debt, particularly in habitats that have undergone moderate degradation. Data on past species numbers are required for the most reliable method; as such data are rare, extinction debts may be under‐reported.     

黄土区不同恢复年限草地群落生物量及根冠比对氮添加的响应

大气氮沉降增加作为全球变化的主要环境问题之一,已引发人们的广泛关注,持续的氮沉降对草地生态系统的组成、结构和功能产生重要影响。为深入了解草地恢复进程中群落生物量和根冠比对氮沉降的响应,以黄土区3个不同恢复年限（初期12a、中期28a和后期37a）的天然草地为研究对象,通过设置6个氮添加水平,CK （0）、N1（2.34g m^-2a^-1）、N2（4.67g m^-2a^-1）、N3（9.34g m^-2a^-1）、N4（18.68g m^-2a^-1）、N5（37.35g m^-2a^-1）来测定草地群落地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量,并计算根冠比和氮响应效率（NRE）。结果表明：（1）地上生物量在恢复中期最大,随氮添加梯度增加,地上生物量在恢复初期和恢复后期呈不显著上升趋势,对氮添加表现为非线性的正响应（ΔNRE>0）,在恢复中期呈不显著下降趋势,对氮添加表现为非线性的负响应（ΔNRE<0）。（2）群落地下生物量对氮添加无显著响应,总生物量只有在恢复后期的N4添加水平下,与对照存在显著差异。（3）根冠比在恢复初期时,N3添加水平下显著高于对照和其他氮添加水平,其余恢复年限对氮添加无显著响应。综上所述,通过分析比较黄土区不同恢复年限草地群落的地上、地下及总生物量和根冠比对氮添加的响应。建议对该区域开展试点实验,实行适应性草地管理,如进行两年一次刈割或轻度放牧（2只羊/hm²）,来探寻更科学有效的管理措施,使草地实现系统性恢复,进而满足生态系统容量和社会需求的变化。