外源钙离子与南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草茎形态结构的影响

外源钙离子对植物响应外界环境胁迫具有重要作用.寄生植物对入侵植物具有显著的抑制作用.以入侵植物喜旱莲子草为研究对象,采用完全随机区组的实验设计分析不同钙离子浓度与南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草茎形态结构的影响,探讨外源钙离子在寄主植物响应寄生植物胁迫中的作用.研究结果表明南方菟丝子寄生可以显著改变喜旱莲子草茎的形态结构,如显著降低喜旱莲子草茎的总长、分枝数、分节数、茎直径和髓腔直径,显著增加茎的厚角厚度与皮层厚度.外源钙离子对喜旱莲子草茎总长、分枝数、分节数、茎直径、髓腔直径和维管束直径没有显著影响,但可增加喜旱莲子草茎的维管束数目,降低茎的节间长、厚角厚度与皮层厚度.外源钙离子与南方菟丝子寄生相互作用可以显著增加喜旱莲子草茎的厚角厚度与皮层厚度,表明南方菟丝子寄生与高浓度的钙离子对喜旱莲子草茎的厚角厚度和皮层厚度具有显著的拮抗的交互作用.这种交互作用可以提高寄主植物的防御能力,减少寄生植物对寄主植物的损伤.     

入侵植物喜旱莲子草——生物学、生态学及管理

喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides原产于南美洲,属于苋科Amaranthaceae莲子草属Alternanthera。一百多年来,该物种通过压舱水或军马饲料被传播到北美洲、大洋洲、欧洲,以及东南亚和中国等地,成为暖温带-热带湿润气候区淡水生态系统的重要外来入侵种。本文结合对喜旱莲子草在原产地的分布状况的考察、原产地和入侵地喜旱莲子草的比较研究,以及入侵生态学研究的最新成果,对该物种在原产地的地理分布和种内变异、生活史特征、入侵机制和控制策略等方面进行评述,以提高我国科研人员对这一外来入侵种的认识,为科学管理和控制提供依据。     

不同水陆环境中喜旱莲子草甲基化调控因子表达水平和差异表达基因启动子区甲基化状态分析

DNA甲基化是一种重要的表观遗传调控方式,参与对植物生长发育的调控,并在植物逆境胁迫响应中发挥作用。DNA甲基化的建立和维持是胞嘧啶甲基转移酶、染色质重塑酶、组蛋白修饰因子和去甲基化因子等协同作用的结果,环境胁迫能诱导植物体内DNA甲基化状态改变,进而改变基因表达水平和式样,影响植物的适应性。喜旱莲子草是一种恶性入侵植物,种内遗传多样性很低,主要依靠极强的表型可塑性侵占不同水陆生境。对克隆繁殖的喜旱莲子草个体进行不同时间的淹水处理,并用定量PCR方法检测16个DNA甲基化调控基因在不同处理条件下的表达水平和变化趋势,发现其中13个基因在不同处理时间点的表达水平有明显变化,且在淹水植株中多数基因在处理前期被强烈诱导上调表达。运用亚硫酸氢钠测序技术对两个在不同水陆条件下明显差异表达基因(Contig942和Contig23336)的上游启动子区甲基化动态进行分析,发现启动子区多个胞嘧啶位点的甲基化修饰状态在不同水陆条件下及淹水处理的不同时期呈现快速且可逆的动态变化,可能影响这些基因在不同环境条件下的表达水平。本研究结果能帮助了解喜旱莲子草表型可塑性变异和适应性发生的分子机理。     

两种入侵能力不同的莲子草光合系统稳定性的比较研究

为揭示恶性杂草空心莲子草入侵的部分机制,并为采取防控措施降低其危害提供理论依据,比较了空心莲子草与其同属的入侵能力相对较弱的刺花莲子草对光氧化胁迫(由10μmol·L-1甲基紫精在光强100μmol·m-2·s-1条件下诱导产生)的生理响应。结果表明:在光氧化胁迫下,空心莲子草和刺花莲子草两者的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、总酚和类黄酮含量均显著下降,叶片细胞死亡率相应升高,但空心莲子草对光氧化胁迫具有较高的忍耐性,这可能与其总酚和类黄酮含量以及DPPH·(1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼)自由基清除能力有关。这种特性可能是空心莲子草光合系统稳定性更高、入侵能力更强和危害性更大的重要因素之一。     

Genetic diversity of alligator weed in China by RAPD analysis

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was applied to analyze geneticdiversity of an invasive weedy species, alligator weed (Alternantheraphiloxeroides (Martius) Grisebach), collected from eight differentsites in southern China. Amplified by 108 RAPD primers, 391 bands wereidentified from samples collected from three of the eight sites withconsiderably large spatial intervals, but no genetic variation was detectedamong the samples. A total number of 196 RAPD fragments were amplified from allsamples collected in the eight sites by 31 primers that produced the mostconsistent results, but no genetic variation was detected within or betweenpopulations. The molecular data indicated extremely low genetic diversity in thealligator weed. Given the fact that the alligator weed is a serious invasiveweed, and widely found in China, we consider that the low genetic diversity ofthe alligator weed does not affect the success of its expansion in China, andlow genetic diversity does not necessarily lead to endangered status of a plantspecies. In addition, molecular evidence from this study suggests that thealligator weed in southern China might originate from a very few clones or evenonly from a single clone. Therefore, the rapid range expansion of the alligatorweed is most likely the result of a massive vegetative propagation since it wasintroduced in China.     

Cd2+污染水质对水花生根系抗氧化酶活性和超微结构的影响

在不同浓度Cd^2 污染下,水花生根中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性呈现先升后降的变化,但达到最大值时的Cd^2 污染浓度,SOD的更低,过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和可溶性蛋白含量呈现持续下降的变化趋势,可溶性蛋白的含量受Cd^2 的毒害更大。随着Cd^2 污染浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,根尖细胞中高尔基体消失,线粒体嵴突膨胀、变形及空泡化,细胞核扭曲成不规则形,核染色质凝集,这些变化反应在功能上表现为膜脂过氧化、能量供应不足,蛋白质合成受阻而含量下降,最终导致死亡。各项结果与Cd^2 皆表现出明显的剂量效应关系,污染浓度愈大毒害程度愈深。     

Separation of Antioxidant-Rich Alternanthera Sessilis Red Extracts by Sephadex LH-20 and Identification of Polyphenols Using HPLC-QToF-MS/MS

This study aimed to fractionate Alternanthera sessilis Red (ASR) crude extracts and determine their antioxidant activities as well as the related active components in the whole plant. ASR was extracted with water and ethanol, and further separated using a Sephadex LH-20 column. Following the assessments of the polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of crude extracts (H₂O_ASR and EtOH_ASR) and fractions, a HPLC-QToF analysis was performed on the crude extracts and selected fractions (H₂O_ASR FII and EtOH_ASR FII). Three water fractions (H₂O_ASR FI, FII and FIII) and four ethanolic fractions (EtOH_ASR FI, FII, FIII and FIV) were derived from their crude extracts, respectively. EtOH_ASR FII exhibited the greatest total phenolic content (120.41 mg GAE/g fraction), total flavonoid content (223.07 mg RE/g fraction), and antioxidant activities (DPPH IC₅₀=159.43 μg/mL; FRAP=1.93 mmol Fe²⁺/g fraction; TEAC=0.90 mmol TE/g fraction). Correlation analysis showed significant (p<0.01) positive correlations between both TPC (r=0.748–0.970) and TFC (r=0.686–0.949) with antioxidant activities in the crude extracts and fractions. Flavonoids were the major compounds in the four selected samples tentatively identified using HPLC-QToF-MS/MS, with the highest number of 30 polyphenol compounds detected in the most active fraction, EtOH_ASR FII.     

Plasticity and ontogenetic drift of biomass allocation in response to above- and below-ground resource availabilities in perennial herbs: a case study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternanthera philoxeroides</Emphasis>

Changes in plant biomass allocation in response to varying resource availabilities may result from ontogenetic drift caused by allometric growth (i.e., apparent plasticity), a true adjustment of ontogenetic trajectories (true plasticity) or both (complex plasticity). Given that the root allocation of annual species usually decreases during the growth, the developmentally explicit model predicts that annual herbs will exhibit true plasticity in root allocation under above-ground resource limitation and apparent plasticity for moderate stress of below-ground resource. For perennial species, the root allocation of which increases during growth, the reverse patterns would be expected. In this study, we tested the developmentally explicit model with a perennial weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. We report its adaptive changes and ontogenetic drift of root allocation in response to different resource levels (i.e., light, water and nutrient availability) by comparing root allocation on both an age and a size basis. The root allocation of A. philoxeroides increased with the size (i.e., ontogenetic drift) during the growth, and exhibited significant changes in response to different resource availabilities. Furthermore, the root allocation in response to water or nutrient availability exhibited typical complex plasticity, while the light stress only slowed down the growth, with the ontogenetic trajectory unchanged (apparent plasticity). The contrasting responses to above-ground and below-ground stresses were consistent with the prediction of the developmentally explicit model.     

Screening of Native Hyperaccumulators at the Huayuan River Contaminated by Heavy Metals

Plant, soil, and sediment samples were taken from the Fuqiao area within the Huayuan River basin in South China. Concentrations of manganese, zinc, cadmium, and lead in the samples were measured, and the characteristics of the plant samples to absorb, transfer, and accumulate the target metals were analyzed. It was indicated that the concentrations of target metals in 13 plant samples greatly exceeded the background values of target metals in plants over the world, and that the plant species might evolve to the accumulating ecotypes for the target metals under the long-term stress from the contaminated environment. Among 13 plant species, Alternanthera philoxeroides exhibited the highest accumulation capacities for the target metals, amounting to 6511, 13,784, 155, and 104 mg/kg in its shoots for manganese, zinc, cadmium, and lead, respectively. Its bioaccumulation coefficients for manganese, zinc, cadmium, and lead were 5.08, 49.23, 36.78, and 34.81, respectively, and its transfer factors for manganese, zinc, cadmium, and lead were 7.53, 3.19, 7.38, and 1.29, respectively. The results showed that Alternanthera philoxeroides satisfied the criteria for the hyperaccumulator for zinc and cadmium, and that it might be a potential native plant species for phytoremediation of the contaminated soil, sediment, and river water by the target metals within the basin.