Determination of Phosphorylation Sites in Peptides and Proteins Employing a Volatile Edman Reagent

A manual Edman degradation protocol has been developed that allows the identification of phosphorylation sites in ³²P-labeled peptides at the subpicomole level. By using both a volatile reagent, trifluoroethyl isothiocyanate, and volatile buffers, extraction steps are rendered unnecessary and cycle times can be reduced to 45 min. The protocol was employed to identify the site of phosphorylation in phosphoserine- and phosphotyrosine-containing peptides.     

Apoptosis and cell proliferation in proximal tubular cells exposed to apoptotic bodies. Novel pathophysiological implications in cisplatin-induced renal injury

The therapeutic efficacy of the antineoplastic drug cisplatin is limited by its nephrotoxicity, which affects particularly to proximal tubular cells (PTC). Cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity appears to be multifactorial and involves inflammation, oxidative stress as well as apoptosis. We have recently shown that the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2)/intracellular prostaglandin E₂ (iPGE₂)/EP receptor pathway mediates the apoptotic effect of cisplatin on human proximal tubular HK-2 cells. Here, we studied the effects on HK-2 cells of apoptotic bodies (ABs) generated after treatment of HK-2 cells with cisplatin. We found that ABs inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis and increased COX-2 expression and iPGE₂ in ABs-recipient HK-2 cells. Inhibition of the COX-2/iPGE₂/EP receptor pathway in these cells prevented the effects of ABs without interfering with their internalization. Interestingly, 2nd generation ABs (i.e. ABs released by cells undergoing apoptosis upon treatment with ABs) did not trigger apoptosis in naïve HK-2 cells, and stimulated cell proliferation through the COX-2/iPGE₂/EP receptor pathway. These results suggest that ABs, through iPGE₂-dependent mechanisms, might have a relevant role in the natural history of cisplatin-induced acute kidney failure because they contribute first to the propagation of the noxious effects of cisplatin to non-injured PTC and then to the promotion of the proliferative tubular response required for proximal tubule repair. Since iPGE₂ also mediates both cisplatin-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis, intervention in the COX-2/iPGE₂/EP receptor pathway might provide us with new therapeutic avenues in patients with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.