Genetic and heterosis analysis for important agronomic traits of Chinese vegetable mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis>) in different environments

Genetic effects and genotype by environment (GE) interaction effects for some important agronomic traits of Chinese vegetable mustard were analyzed by using a genetic model including additive, dominance, additive × additive effects and their interaction effects with the environment. Four variations of Chinese vegetable mustard as parental lines and their F_1s, F_2s were evaluated in two locations. It was revealed that the agronomic traits of Chinese vegetable mustard were mainly controlled by genetic effects except plant weight (PW) and leaf weight (LW) were observed to be more affected by GE interaction effects. Among the genetic effects, additive effects took the main proportion for tiller number (TN), leaf number (LN), leaf breadth (LB) and LW; dominance effects were the main components of PW, leaf length (LL), root weight (RW) and plant height (PH); additive × additive effects were the main components of plant breadth (PB). Among the GE interaction effects, additive × environment interaction effects mainly affected LB, LW and RW, while PW, LL, PH and PB were mainly controlled by dominance × environment interaction effects. Besides, additive × additive × environment interaction was the main factor, which controlled TN and LN of Chinese vegetable mustard. For heterosis analyses, TN, LN, LB and LW of Chinese vegetable mustard showed positive H_PM and negative H_PB. The other traits showed positive H_PM and H_PB. Heterosis arising from GE interaction was found to varying degree for different environments. It was shown that genetic heterosis and GE interaction effects were important factors for agronomic traits in Chinese vegetable mustard.     

山西、贵州大豆地方种质农艺性状的比较分析

对山西、贵州两省大豆地方种质的农艺性状进行了比较分析,旨在探求两省大豆种质农艺性状间的关系,为制定大豆种质的更新策略提供理论依据。研究表明:除有效分枝数差异不显著外,其他性状均达到显著水平,贵州种质的表型变异系数低于山西,聚类分析显示山西种质包括的类别较贵州多,且两省大部分种质不属于同一类别,说明贵州种质的丰富程度低于山西大豆种质;种质在相似的生态条件种植,能正常成熟,可以满足种质更新的要求,但异地种植后,所调查的3个数量性状与目录记载值有很大差别。     

设施番茄套作大蒜的生物和生态效应——套播时期对不同品种大蒜生长发育和产量的影响

为探讨利用大蒜的生物和生态效应克服设施番茄连作障碍并同时生产促成大蒜,试验选用4个大蒜品种,设置3个套播期,重点分析不同套播时期不同大蒜品种的生长发育和产量。结果表明:S1(8月25日)套播比S2(9月9日)和S3(9月24日)套播大蒜出苗时间长,但出苗日期早;S1的大蒜最大叶长、叶宽、假茎高、假茎粗、株高、根数和叶片数均比后两个套播时期有优势,品种间最大叶长、叶宽、假茎粗、株高、根数都以G64大于其他3个品种;早播促进大蒜鳞茎膨大,鳞茎最大直径、最小直径、纵径和周长以G64最大,其次是G87;G64的单头重极显著大于其他3个品种,产量最高。以S1套播时,G64比露地大蒜提早上市30—35d,价格提高60%,产值为32614元/hm2。所以,G64和8月25日是试验推荐的设施番茄套作大蒜适宜品种和套播时期。     

光皮树不同无性系主要农艺性状多样性分析

依据光皮树(Cornus wilsoniana)丰产育种目标,对7个光皮树优良无性系的28个农艺性状进行观测,并进行方差、主成分、聚类及相关性分析。方差分析结果显示28个农艺性状的变异系数为804%~9430%,其中叶形态（叶形、叶色、叶缘）的变异系数最高;表型分化系数为4527%~9640%,即各性状的遗传较为稳定;主成分分析结果显示花序、果实、含油率以及果穗果数因子是主要的遗传因子,是光皮树无性系性状遗传的主要来源;依据主成分因子得分将7个光皮树优良无性系聚为4个类群,其中第Ⅱ类群与第Ⅲ类群杂交可以获得高产高含油率的目标资源。     

低温下茄子成株期几个农艺性状的遗传分析

利用耐低温性不同的6份茄子材料,按Griffing方法Ⅱ配制完全双列杂交组合,对亲本与F1进行低温处理(日间15～20℃,夜间10℃),在成株期调查耐低温性、株高、株幅、结果数、产量、单果重等性状,研究上述性状的遗传规律及相互间的关系。结果表明:低温处理后株高、株幅的差异不显著,耐低温性、结果数、产量和单果重量差异显著,耐低温性、结果数、产量和单果重的遗传符合加性-显性模型,广义遗传力分别为84.030%、68.110%、94.711%和58.921%,狭义遗传力分别为75.821%、60.801%、6.191%和49.632%。相关分析表明,结果数对耐低温性来说是一个重要性状,其他性状影响较小。     

卫矛属刺果卫矛组的数量分类学分析

通过对1500余份标本的测量和统计,结合文献和野外考察,选取了30个形态学性状,对卫矛属（Euonymus）刺果卫矛组（sect. Echinococcus）13个种进行了数量分类学分析。聚类分析结果表明,美国卫矛（E.americanus）和陈谋卫矛（E.chenmoui）的亲缘关系最近,不支持Blakelock将本组划分为两个系的观点。本组中系统位置有争议的物种：厚叶卫矛（E.hemsleyanus）与紫刺卫矛（E.angustatus）、棘刺卫矛（E.echinatus）和无柄卫矛（E.subsessilis）、刺猬卫矛（E.hystrix）和蒙自卫矛（E.mengtseanus）、刺果卫矛（E.acanthocarpus）和腾冲卫矛（E.tengyuehensis）,在聚类图中显示出较远的亲缘关系,通过方差分析对这些物种间有较明显差异的性状进行进一步分析。结果表明,这些物种在叶尖角度、叶长、侧脉与主脉的夹角、花序梗长等性状上均具有显著差异。分析结果支持将蒙自卫矛与腾冲卫矛排除出刺果卫矛组,支持厚叶卫矛和紫刺卫矛作为独立的种,由于在交叉分布地域没有足够的研究资料,棘刺卫矛和无柄卫矛的系统位置有待进一步确认。因子分析结果表明,本实验所用性状间的独立性较强,叶长、侧脉与主脉的夹角、花序分支数、果实带刺的长度等18个性状在本组中具有重要的分类学意义。     

不同来源大豆同名品种"满仓金"表现型及SSR标记的异同性分析

以国家种质库中保存的不同来源的大豆同名品种满仓金及与其有亲缘关系的种质共28份为实验材料,时其SSR分子标记及农艺性状进行比较分析,目的是检测种质库中保存的同名品种之间的差异程度,为大豆种质资源的保存、研究与利用以及构建大豆棱心种质提供理论依据。研究结果表明,在28份种质23个SSR位点共检测出151个等位变异,利用其中的5个位点可将28份种质区分开。通过对SSR数据及农艺性状的分析比较,发现利用两种不同类型数据对材料进行分析,既有相同的趋势又存在差异,将不同类型数据结合起来使用能比较全面地阐明品种之间的遗传关系。根据结果推测,全国统一编号分别为ZDD00078、ZDD00924的满仓金与黄宝珠和金元有密切的血缘关系,其他不同来源的满仓金之间差异较大,无遗传一致性,也具有保存价值。     

繁殖世代对水稻植株农艺性状及稻米品质的影响研究

以国家长期库躬存种质为对照,选择在生产上一直种植的同一品种为高繁殖世代材料,一起进行田间种植以了解两者之间在田间出苗率、生育期、植株农艺性状及稻米品质上是否存在差异。结果表明,在6个供试粳稻品种中,有5个品种的高繁殖世代种质,其稻米垩白品质出现了退化现象,而其他稻米品质特性没有出现明显的变化。来自库存的种质,其每穗粒数都比一直在生产上种植的种质少,这可能与母本长时间低温贮藏有关。此外,来自库存的种质,其田间出苗率也相对较低。     

彩色棉种质资源农艺性状和纤维品质鉴定与分析

基于农艺性状和纤维品质对61份彩色棉种质材料进行鉴定分析,结果表明：材料间衣分、2．5％跨长、马克隆值呈极显著差异,整齐度、伸长率、比强度和单株铃数存在显著差异,株高、果枝数、单铃重差异不显著;供试材料纤维品质较差,除中国农业科学院棉花研究所选育的棕125、棕絮1号等材料外,大部分种质系2．5％跨长、比强度等指标不能满足纺织工业的需求,但仍有31份种质系单一性状较优,如棕2—63（IAA）、棕3-944等。采用类平均法对供试材料进行聚类分析,61份材料聚为7个类群,供试材料表现型性状相似较低,尤其部分基础彩色棉遗传材料与其他材料相似性极低,单独构成一类,如皱缩红鸡角叶棕絮、hunan绿等。综合分析表明,供试材料农艺性状和纤维品质较差,遗传多样性较丰富。     

Identification of agronomically favorable quantitative trait loci alleles from a dent corn inbred Dan232 using advanced backcross QTL analysis and comparison with the F<Subscript>2:3</Subscript> population in popcorn

Specific traits are an important consideration in plant breeding. In popcorn, inferior agronomic traits could be improved using dent or flint corn backcrossed with popcorn. In this study, we used advanced backcross quantitative trait locus (AB-QTL) analysis to identify trait-improving QTL alleles from a dent maize inbred Dan232, and compared the detection of QTL in the BC₂S₁ population with QTL results using F_2:3 families of the same population. Two hundred and twenty BC₂S₁ families developed from a cross between Dan232 and an elite popcorn inbred N04 were evaluated for nine plant traits in replicated field trials under two environments. Using composite interval mapping (CIM), a total of 28 significant QTL were detected, and of these, 23 (82.14%) had favorable alleles contributed by the dent corn parent Dan232. Nine QTL (32.14%) detected in the BC₂S₁ population were also located in or near the same chromosome intervals in the F_2:3 population. All of the favorable QTL alleles from Dan232 could be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) to improve the respective plant traits in popcorn breeding. In addition, their near isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) could be obtained through selfing or another 1–2 backcross with N04. Also, N04 improved for the studied plant traits could be developed from the BC₂S₁ families used in this study. This study demonstrated that the AB-QTL method can be applied to identify favorable QTL from dent corn inbred in popcorn breeding and, once identified, the alleles could be used in marker-assisted selection to improve the respective plant traits.