Selective breeding of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) for improved efficacy in control of a mushroom fly,Lycoriella solani Winnertz (Diptera: Sciaridae)

A method of selecting a Steinernema feltiae strain that is effective against a mushroom fly, Lycoriella solani, is described in detail. The pest control efficacy of the selected nematode strain was evaluated and compared with the efficacy of two unselected strains. The selection procedure was designed to give preference to nematode individuals with the greatest ability (1) to search effectively for the target insect larvae in their natural habitat, (2) to infect them shortly after application and (3) to reproduce in their haemocoel. Thirty‐four rounds of selection achieved a 4‐fold improvement in nematode ability to find and parasitize third‐ and fourth‐instar larvae of the pest in the mushroom substrate. In 24‐h laboratory experiments, mortality of the insect caused by nematode juveniles rose from 22.5%, recorded for the original unselected isolate, to 92.5% for the selected strain. In a 51‐day experiment conducted on a mixed age mushroom house population of L. solani, the enhanced pest control ability of the selected strain was detected shortly after nematode application and remained high throughout the experimental period. During the first 4 weeks of the trial the selected nematode strain was significantly better than both unselected strains and caused 91.1–92.7% reduction of the fly emergence from the mushroom substrate. No difference was observed between the efficacy of the selected nematodes applied at 1 × 10⁶ and 3 ×10⁶ infective juveniles per m², while the unselected strains performed significantly better at the higher concentration. All the nematodes examined showed good persistence in the mushroom casing apparently due to recycling in the insect host.     

Structural Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-glucans of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agaricus brasiliensis</Emphasis> in Different Stages of Fruiting Body Maturity and their Use in Nutraceutical Products

β-Glucans of Agaricus brasiliensis fruiting bodies in different stages of maturity were isolated and characterized by FTIR and NMR. These fractions had greater amount of (1→6)-β-glucan and the (1→3)-β-glucan increased with fruiting bodies maturation. Yields of β-glucans increased from 42 mg β-glucans g⁻¹ fruiting bodies (dry wt) in immature stage to 43 mg g⁻¹ in mature stage with immature spores, and decreased to 40 mg g⁻¹ in mature stage with spore maturation. Mature fruiting bodies, which included these glucans, have potential therapeutical benefits for use in nutraceutical products.     

伊朗Karaj地区双孢蘑菇上的螨类调查（英文）

2004年春季至2006年夏季期间,调查了伊朗Karaj地区双孢蘑菇上的螨类,发现了3目9科17种食菌性、捕食性和腐食性螨类,包括：光滑巨螯螨Macrocheles glaber (Müller),粪巨螯螨Macrocheles merdarius (Berlese),近褐巨螯螨Macrocheles subbadius(Berlese),甲虫寄螨Parasitus coleoptratorum （Linnaeus）,粪堆寄螨Parasitus fimetorum （Berlese）,乳突寄螨Parasitus mammillatus (Berlese),Sancassania rodionovi Zachvatkin,腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank),Uroobovella fimicola (Berlese),Ameroseius fungicolus^* Masan,Pediculaster kneeboni^* Wicht,Pediculaster flechtmanni^* Wicht,Scutacarus longitarsus (Berlese),Dendrolaelaps multidentatus^* Masan,柴特北绥螨Arctoseius cetratus (Sellnick),Lasioseius sugawarai^* Ehara和Ameroseius plumigera Oudemans。其中有“*”号标记的6个种为伊朗新纪录种,12个种为在蘑菇上首次发现。     

Fries所著Observationes Mycologicae(cancellans issue再版)中虫草属及其相关种的名称(英文)

Fries 1818年所著Observationes Mycologicae(cancellans issue再版)中,发表了虫草属Cordyceps及该属13个新组合(11个种,2个变种)。而在这部著作的原始版本中,它们是以Cordylia nom.illegit.和Cordylia属的13个组合记载的。17个在原始版本中缺失的名称,再版时处理为7个新种、5个新组合、2个不合法名称和3个裸名。     

双孢蘑菇‘福蘑58'的选育报告

双孢蘑菇‘福蘑58'是W2000单孢分离筛选的新品种。菌落形态为贴生型,菌丝在10-32℃下均能生长,最适生长温度24-28℃。结菇温度10-22℃,最适结菇温度14-20℃。子实体单生为主,丛生少,较结实,不易开伞,菌盖扁半球形,表面光滑,颜色较白,直径3.5-5.0cm,高度2.4-2.8cm。在适宜栽培条件下,平均单产比亲本菌株W2000提高10%-15%,鲜菇质量与W2000相当,比W192提升明显,成品菇比例较高,品质优良,适合鲜销市场及罐头加工。该品种可用于周年工厂化、设施化及季节性农法栽培。     

双孢蘑菇基因组密码子的偏好性分析

双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus是世界上最广泛栽培的食用菌之一。本研究通过分析双孢蘑菇基因组密码子使用偏性,探讨密码子偏性的影响因素及其对基因表达的影响。以双孢蘑菇基因组和转录组数据为依据,分析了双孢蘑菇基因组基因、高表达基因（high expression gene,HEG）和低表达基因（low expression gene,LEG）的密码子使用性。发现双孢蘑菇基因组编码基因平均GC含量为49.08%,T3s值（35.59%）最高,平均ENC值偏高,多数基因表达潜力较低。共鉴定出14个最优密码子,均以C或T结尾,并且遵循密码子中嘌呤和嘧啶使用的均衡性原则。高表达基因具有更强的密码子偏性,进化过程中受到基因突变和自然选择等多种因素影响。基因表达与G/C碱基含量和CAI值呈极显著正相关。高表达基因编码了多种与真菌生长发育相关的蛋白和酶类。研究结果明确了双孢蘑菇基因密码子的使用偏性,为双孢蘑菇转基因育种和品质改良提供了参考。     

Investigations into the taxonomy of the mushroom pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium fungicola</Emphasis> and its relatives based on sequence analysis of nitrate reductase and ITS regions

The full sequence of the nitrate reductase gene was obtained from a type isolate of Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola and used for phylogenetic analysis against other ascomycete fungi. Sequencing obtained 2749 bp of coding region, 668 bp of 5′ flanking sequence and 731 bp of 3′ flanking sequence. In silico analysis indicated that the coding region contains a single intron and translates into an 893 amino acid protein, with BLAST analysis identifying five conserved nitrate reductase domains within the protein. The 5′ flanking sequence contains numerous conserved sites putatively involved in binding nitrogen regulatory proteins, indicating that the regulation of the gene is likely to be subject to the same regulation as that of model fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans. The central portion of this gene was amplified and sequenced from a number of V. fungicola isolates and related fungi and the resulting phylogenies compared to those obtained from analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions for these fungi. Both nitrate reductase and ITS analyses provide additional evidence that reinforces previous findings that suggest the mushroom pathogenic Verticillium species are more related to other chitinolytic fungi such as the insect pathogens Verticillium lecanii and Beauveria bassiana than to the plant pathogenic Verticillia.