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81.
The concept of flow, a state of complete absorption in an intrinsically rewarding activity, has played a pivotal role in advancing notions of human well-being beyond minimising suffering towards promoting flourishing and thriving. While flow has played a fundamental role in human positive psychology, it has not yet been explored in non-human animals, leaving an enormous void in our understanding of intrinsic motivation in animals. As ethology and related fields keep progressing in uncovering complex cognitive and affective capacities of non-human animals, we propose the time is ripe to translate the concept of flow to animals. We start by embedding flow in the topic of intrinsic motivation and describe its impact on positive human psychology and potentially positive animal welfare. We then disambiguate flow from related concepts discussed in the animal literature. Next, we derive experimental approaches in animals from the canonical characteristics of flow in humans and provide guidelines for both inducing and assessing flow by focusing on two characteristics that do not necessarily depend on self-report, namely resistance to distraction and time distortion. Not all aspects of the human flow experience are (yet) translatable, but those that are may improve quality of life in captive non-human animals.  相似文献   
82.
Social isolation has often been reported to facilitate male aggressiveness in various animal species. If social isolation also escalates male aggressive behavior towards females, the mating success of the aggressive males will be low. This study evaluated the effect of social isolation on mating behavior in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, which has traditionally been considered to be an asocial species. The results showed that social isolation from same-sex individuals enhanced male aggressiveness to females, and the mating success of aggressive males was reduced under the experimental conditions. More aggressive males exhibited a longer latency to court than less aggressive males. These results suggest that because male aggressiveness causes a delay in courtship, aggressive males may have reduced mating success. This demonstrated that social relationships are a critical factor affecting male mating success, even if the species is normally considered solitary.  相似文献   
83.
目的:探讨静脉溶栓时机对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者溶栓效果及主要不良心脏事件发生率的影响。方法:将2016年1月至2017年12月我院接诊的314例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者纳入本研究,按照溶栓治疗时间不同分为A组(发病至溶栓时间6 h)172例、B组(发病至溶栓时间为6~12 h)102例和C组(发病至溶栓时间12 h)40例,比较三组患者溶栓效果、溶栓后ST段回落情况以及住院期间主要不良心脏事件发生情况。结果:A组患者梗死冠脉溶通率、溶栓后ST段回落幅度高于B组和C组,且B组高于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组患者治疗后ST段回落最大幅度所需时间、住院期间主要不良心脏事件总发生率低于B组和C组,且B组低于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者发病后6 h内静脉溶栓治疗梗死冠脉溶通率更高、ST段回落效果更好,可降低住院期间主要不良心脏事件发生风险。  相似文献   
84.
In aquarium experiments using coho salmon as a model species, prior residents dominated intruders of the same size but intruders with a 6% length advantage were equally matched against prior residents. Prior winning experience (distinct from individual recognition) also strongly influenced competitive success and overcame a prior residence effect. Coho salmon reared in a hatchery dominated size-matched fish from the same parental population reared in a stream. Hatchery-reared salmon also dominated naturally spawned salmon, even when the wild salmon were prior residents. Thus the combined effects of greater size and rearing experience of hatchery-produced salmon were sufficient to overcome a wild salmon's advantage of prior residence. Efforts to rehabilitate salmonid populations must consider such behavioural interactions if displacement of wild fish is to be prevented.  相似文献   
85.
Global interest in alternative indoor farrowing systems is increasing, leading to a growing number of farms utilising such systems alongside standard crates. There is evidence that interchanging sows between different farrowing systems affects maternal behaviour, whilst the subsequent effect of this on piglet mortality is unknown. The current study hypothesised that second parity piglet mortality would be higher if a sow farrowed in a different farrowing system to that of her first parity. Retrospective farm performance records were used from 753 sows during their first and second parities. Sows farrowed in either standard crates (crates), temporary crates (360s) or straw-bedded pens (pens), with mortality recorded as occurring either pre- or post-processing. Inter- and intra-parity sow consistency in performance were also investigated. Overall, total piglet mortality reduced from the first to the second parity, being significantly higher in the crates and higher in the 360s during the first or second parity, respectively. In the second parity, an interaction of the current and previous farrowing systems resulted in the lowest incidence of crushing for sows housed in the same system as their first parity for the crates and pens, but not the 360s. Post-processing mortality was significantly higher in the crates if a sow previously farrowed in the 360s and vice versa. Sows which previously farrowed in a pen had a significantly larger litter size and lower pre-processing mortality from crushing in their second parity than sows previously housed in the crates or the 360s. No inter-parity consistency of sow performance was found, whilst intra-parity consistency was found in the first but not second parity. In conclusion, returning sows to the same farrowing system appears to reduce piglet mortality, whilst farrowing in a pen during the first parity significantly increased second parity litter size without increasing piglet mortality.  相似文献   
86.
Spiders are useful models for testing different hypotheses and methodologies relating to animal personality and behavioral syndromes because they show a range of behavioral types and unique physiological traits (e.g., silk and venom) that are not observed in many other animals. These characteristics allow for a unique understanding of how physiology, behavioral plasticity, and personality interact across different contexts to affect spider''s individual fitness and survival. However, the relative effect of extrinsic factors on physiological traits (silk, venom, and neurohormones) that play an important role in spider survival, and which may impact personality, has received less attention. The goal of this review is to explore how the environment, experience, ontogeny, and physiology interact to affect spider personality types across different contexts. We highlight physiological traits, such as neurohormones, and unique spider biochemical weapons, namely silks and venoms, to explore how the use of these traits might, or might not, be constrained or limited by particular behavioral types. We argue that, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the flexibility and persistence of specific behavioral types in spiders, it is necessary to incorporate these underlying mechanisms into a synthesized whole, alongside other extrinsic and intrinsic factors.  相似文献   
87.
目的:探讨健脾益气解毒方联合化疗治疗晚期结直肠癌的疗效及其对患者免疫功能、生活质量的影响。方法:选择2010年6月至2015年12月在我院进行治疗的晚期结直肠癌患者80例,随机分为两组,每组40例。对照组患者接受FOLFIRI化疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上服用健脾益气解毒汤。比较两组患者治疗的临床疗效、治疗前后机体免疫功能、生活质量的变化情况及治疗期间不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组患者治疗的疾病控制率、CD4~+以及CD4~+/CD8~+、KPS评分均显著高于对照组(P0.05),中医证侯评分及脾虚证候评分、白细胞减少、Ⅰ-Ⅱ级中性粒细胞减少以及肝损伤等不良事件的发生率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:健脾益气解毒汤联合化疗治疗晚期结直肠癌可有效提高临床疗效,改善患者免疫功能及生活质量。  相似文献   
88.
目的分析药物不良反应(ADR)发生的特点与规律,促进临床合理用药。方法回顾性分析2010年1~12月我院上报的401份ADR报告,按患者年龄、性别、给药途径、引起ADR的药品种类、涉及器官或系统以及临床表现等进行统计、分析。结果静脉给药较其他给药途径更易发生ADR(336例,占83.89%);抗感染药物引发ADR的比例最高(159例,占39.65%),其次为营养药、消化系统药物及抗肿瘤药物;头孢菌素类药物是引发ADR的主要抗菌药物(15种,28.85%),其次为青霉素类(10种,19.23%)。ADR主要累及皮肤及附件损害为主,其次涉及到消化系统以及神经系统损害。结论临床科室应重视ADR监测,减少ADR的发生,提高合理用药水平。  相似文献   
89.
目的:探讨急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓使用小剂量(0.6 mg/kg)阿替普酶的临床疗效及安全性。方法:将2016年1月至2019年12月我院神经内科收治的溶栓时间窗内40例急性脑梗死患者随机分为标准剂量组(0.9 mg/kg)和小剂量组(0.6 mg/kg),每组20例,分别在溶栓前、溶栓后1小时对患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,溶栓前和溶栓后24小时做头颅CT排除脑出血,密切监测不良反应。结果:标准剂量组有效率为80.00%,小剂量组有效率为75.00%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前两组NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后两组NIHSS评分均降低,与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后两组NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。标准剂量组总不良反应发生率为40.00%,高于小剂量组的20.00%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:阿替普酶可有效改善急性脑梗死患者的神经功能,小剂量(0.6 mg/kg)与标准剂量(0.9 mg/kg)溶栓效果相当,安全性较好,出血事件发生率较低,可根据患者情况酌情选用小剂量。  相似文献   
90.
A large number of foetuses are scanned on a routine basis and although it is generally assumed that prenatal ultrasound is safe; very few studies have in fact focused on possible adverse effects in humans. The epidemiological tools when studying possible adverse effects of prenatal ultrasound are randomised controlled trials and observational studies such as cohort and case–control studies. There are advantages and disadvantages with all study designs. In this review, some of the challenges that have to be met are discussed based on experiences from a randomised controlled trial, cohort studies and an ongoing case–control study.  相似文献   
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