城市土壤污染植物-微生物联合原位修复方案设计

土壤污染是当今社会面临的一个严峻的环境问题。植物—微生物联合原位修复是通过微生物与植物的联合作用,分解植物根系周边土壤中的有机物,具有安全,经济和高效等特点。本文结合文献,重点介绍了土壤的植物-微生物联合原位修复的方案设计。     

超声辅助提取凤丹籽总黄酮的工艺研究

本文以经脱脂处理后的凤丹籽为原料,在单因素实验的基础上,选取乙醇浓度、料液比、超声时间和超声功率为自变量,以总黄酮得率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应面设计分析方法优化凤丹籽总黄酮的提取工艺。通过此模型得出:超声时间对凤丹籽总黄酮提取的影响最为显著,超声时间和乙醇浓度,超声时间和料液比,超声时间和超声功率之间的交互作用显著。模型预计凤丹籽总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度75%,料液比1:21 g/mL,超声时间49 min,超声功率240 w,在此条件下,总黄酮得率平均值为9.015 mg/g。     

基于响应曲面法的龙须藤多糖提取条件优化

采用响应曲面法分析与确定龙须藤多糖提取工艺,通过单因素实验确定影响多糖提取的主要影响因素,然后在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应曲面法分析提取因素对龙须藤多糖含量的影响,得出龙须藤多糖提取的最优条件为:提取温度100℃、提取时间4 h、料液比1∶23、提取次数为2次。在此条件下龙须藤多糖提取率理论值为3.12%,实测值为2.98%。     

岩溶植物光合-光响应曲线的两种拟合模型比较

用直角双曲线和非直角双曲线两种模型,对桂林岩溶区石山植物红背山麻杆（Alchornea trewioides）、九龙藤（Bauhinia championii）、青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）和圆叶乌桕（Sapium rotundifolium）光合作用的光响应曲线进行拟合。结果表明,直角双曲线拟合的表观量子效率（α）、最大净光合速率（Pmax）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）、光补偿点（Lcp）和光饱和点（Lφ）数值均高于相应的非直角双曲线拟合结果;直角双曲线模型拟合的参数值大小和曲线变化趋势不符合实际情况;非直角双曲线模型拟合结果更符合生理意义。红背山麻杆和九龙藤具有较高的表观量子效率和较低的光补偿点,对光能的利用效率和耐荫性均强于圆叶乌桕和青檀。     

普洱茶风味的青稞茶配方研制

以青稞、普洱茶为主要原料,以感官评价为评定指标,对青稞与茶汤料液比、浸泡时间、烘烤温度、烘烤时间4个主要影响因素进行单因素试验,采用Central Composite Design设计方法,对普洱茶风味青稞茶进行4因素5水平的响应面试验设计,得到普洱茶风味青稞茶的最佳配方。结果表明：普洱茶风味青稞茶的最佳配方为青稞与茶汤料液比6.5 g/100 mL、浸泡时间15 min、烘烤温度207℃、烘烤时间10.6 min,为普洱茶风味青稞茶的工业化生产提供了科学依据。     

表施和混施污泥对团花根系生长的影响

林地利用被认为是污泥资源化利用的重要方式,但施用污泥对林木根系生长的影响报道较少。本研究通过根箱试验,分析表施和混施10%污泥对速生树种团花不同土层根系形态、土壤pH值和电导率动态变化及根系重金属含量的影响,并拟合土壤pH值、电导率和根系重金属含量与根长的关系。结果表明: 与不施污泥(对照)相比,混施污泥显著抑制了团花根长、根表面积和根体积增长,混施污泥120和240 d后,0～20 cm土层总根长分别为不施污泥的76.9%和67.4%;表施污泥对团花根长和根表面积的影响不显著,但显著提高了根体积。混施污泥显著提高了土壤pH值和电导率及根系重金属含量,混施污泥0～20和20～40 cm土层根系镉含量分别是不施污泥的11.5和10.0倍。线性回归拟合分析显示,不同处理0～20 cm土层的电导率与根长均呈显著负相关;表施和混施污泥根系镉含量与根长呈极显著负相关。上述结果表明,混施污泥抑制了团花根系生长,这可能是由于混施污泥提高了土壤电导率和根系镉含量所致,而表施污泥对团花根系生长的作用不明显。     

铅锌尾矿上自然定居植物

在凡口1#铅锌尾矿库内共有10种植物自然定居,这些植物主要生长在尾矿库的边缘区域.植物在尾矿上的生长、分布明显受到表层尾矿某些物理性质如稳定状况、含水量等的影响,尾矿中的营养物质含量与植物的生长高度以及群落盖度有一定的关系.杜虹花(Callicarpa pedunculata)体内的Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd含量大小顺序为叶>根>茎,而盐肤木(Rhuschinensis)和美丽胡枝子(Lespedeza     

桂西北典型喀斯特区生态服务价值的环境响应及其空间尺度特征

Study on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is the bridge of understanding ecosystem and economic decision-making. To investigate the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales is an urgent work in the process of ecological restoration and sustainable development in southwest China. Based on the previous research results, the remote images, and weather data of 31 years (1975-2005), the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales in a typical karst area of northwest Guangxi, China were evaluated with the method of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in this paper. The results showed that ESVs had obvious variations with changes in elevation, rocky types and soil types, and had corresponding characteristics of spatial scales. The ESVs in middle and low elevation areas were higher, but they decreased due to human activities such as deforestation. The ESVs in peak-cluster depression areas were lower, and they would increase as influenced by policies such as returning farmland to forestland. The ESVs were influenced by rocky types, showing lower values but an increasing trend in the typical karst regions while higher values but a decreasing trend in non-karst regions. The average ESVs in the west part of the study region, which is not only the main nature reserve for rare wildlife species in Guangxi, but also one of the best preserved natural vegetation regions in China, were more than 15,000 RMB Yuan ha-1,. Comparatively, the ESVs were less than 10,000 Yuan ha-1 in the middle part of the region attributed to low vegetation coverage, serious peak-cluster depression and karst rocky desertification. After about 20 years, that is from 1985 to 2005, the ecosystem conditions had been improved and the ESVs had increased in the middle and eastern part of this study region. On the contrary, in most western part, which was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, they had been worsened, and the balance values of ESVs were negative. As for the relationships of ESVs with rocky types and soil types, lime soil and red soil were the two main soil types that contributed to ESVs (The total contribution was above 60%, and it is 63.77%,64.37%,64.56%,64.91% respectively in the four years of 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005.). The variance contribution of intrinsic mode function (IMF) and trend (R) showed that there were obvious special sales for ESVs in this study area, and the main spatial scales were about 2.7 km, 5.5 km, and 11.6 km. The variance contribution ratio was 12.29%, 11.26%, 11.49% respectively, and the trend (R) was high (17.74%). In conclusion, this study indicated that ecosystem conditions in the typical karst area were improved owing to the application of rocky desertification control policies, such as ecological migration and returning farmland to forestland. Besides, the main spatial scales of ESVs in the study area were the interactions of terrain, physiognomy, land use / land cover and human activities.     

重金属污染土壤稳定/固化修复技术研究进展

修复重金属污染土壤一直是国际上的难点和热点研究课题.目前常用的污染场地修复技术主要包括挖掘、稳定/固化(solidification/stabilization,S/S)、化学淋洗、气提、热处理、生物修复等.本文在参考美国环境保护署(EPA)、英国环境署的S/S技术规范、国内外发明专利基础上,对S/S的概念、国内外发展现状及今后的发展方向进行了系统论述.固定化技术通过把污染物囊封入惰性基材中,或在污染物外面加上低渗透性的材料,来减少污染物暴露的淋滤面积以达到限制污染物迁移的目的.稳定化技术是从改变污染物的有效性出发,将污染物转化为不易溶解、迁移能力或毒性更小的形式.S/S技术包括:水泥固化、石灰火山灰固化、塑性材料包容固化、玻璃化技术、药剂稳定化.在稳定化技术中,加入药剂的目的是改变土壤的物理、化学性质,通过pH控制技术、氧化还原电势技术、沉淀技术、吸附技术、离子交换技术等改变重金属在土壤中的存在状态,从而降低其生物有效性和迁移性.本文还论述了S/S修复效果评价方法,并指出需加强S/S技术中的分子键合技术、土聚合物以及我国的S/S技术导则制定等工作.     

酶法提取薏苡仁油的优化

本文应用响应面分析的方法研究了酶用量、酶解温度和pH对薏苡仁油提取率的影响,并得到了最佳的提取条件。研究结果表明,酶用量为1.569%、酶解温度在47.7℃、酶解pH为4.75。响应的薏苡仁油提取率为10.948%。油脂质量分析结果表明,酶法处理并没有显著改变薏苡仁油的性质。