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61.
Chronic hepatitis is a major cause of liver cancer, so earlier treatment of hepatitis might be reducing liver cancer incidence. Hepatitis can be induced in mice by treatment with Concanavalin A (Con A); the resulting liver injury causes significant CD4+ T cell activation and infiltration. In these T cells, Roquin, a ring-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, is activated. To investigate the role of Roquin, we examined Con A-induced liver injury and T cell infiltration in transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing Roquin specifically in T cells. In Roquin Tg mice, Con A treatment caused greater increases in both the levels of liver injury enzymes and liver tissue apoptosis, as revealed by TUNEL and H&E staining, than wild type (WT) mice. Further, Roquin Tg mice respond to Con A treatment with greater increases in the T cell population, particularly Th17 cells, though Treg cell counts are lower. Roquin overexpression also enhances increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6, upon liver injury. Furthermore, Roquin regulates the immune response and apoptosis in Con A induced hepatitis via STATs, Bax and Bcl2. These findings suggest that over-expression of Roquin exacerbates T-cell mediated hepatitis.  相似文献   
62.
Neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R) agonism is an important anorectic signal and a target of antiobesity drug discovery. Recently, we synthesized a short-length Y2R agonist, PYY-1119 (4-imidazolecarbonyl-[d-Hyp24,Iva25,Pya(4)26,Cha27,36,γMeLeu28,Lys30,Aib31]PYY(23–36), 1) as an antiobesity drug candidate. Compound 1 induced marked body weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice; however, 1 also induced severe vomiting in dogs at a lower dose than the minimum effective dose administered to DIO mice. The rapid absorption of 1 after subcutaneous administration caused the severe vomiting. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)- and alkyl-modified derivatives of 1 were synthesized to develop Y2R agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, i.e., lower maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and longer time at maximum concentration (Tmax). Compounds 5 and 10, modified with 20?kDa PEG at the N-terminus and eicosanedioic acid at the Lys30 side chain of 1, respectively, showed high Y2R binding affinity and induced significant body weight reduction upon once-daily administration to DIO mice. Compounds 5 and 10, with their relatively low Cmax and long Tmax, partially attenuated emesis in dogs compared with 1. These results indicate that optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of Y2R agonists is an effective strategy to alleviate emesis induced by Y2R agonism.  相似文献   
63.
How to effectively delivering therapeutic agents, including γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), into live cells, remains a significant challenge. This study assessed the effect of Notch signaling inhibition by examining levels of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) in cultured oral cancer cells analyzed with random stitched images (2D) and 3D visualizations using confocal microscopy and quantitative gene analysis. Substantially, we have developed a novel method to assist the delivery of γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, into live cells in the presence of an effective minimum concentration of Triton-X100 (0.001%) without damaging cell activity and membrane integrity assessed with cell proliferation assays. The images obtained in this study showed that DAPT alone could not block the γ-secretase inhibitor despite inhibiting cell growth. Further analysis of quantitative gene expressions of Notch signaling canonical pathway to verify the effectiveness of the novel method for delivering inhibitor into live cells, displayed deregulation of Notch1, Delta-like ligand 1 (DLL1) and hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1). Our data suggest that Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway is deactivated using DAPT with a low dose of Triton-X100 in this cancer cells. And the finding also suggests that Notch1 could be engaged by DLL1 to promote differentiation in oral cancer cells. Using this approach, we demonstrate that Triton-X100 is a promising and effective permeabilization agent to deliver γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT into live oral epithelial cells. This strategy has the potential to implicate in the treatment of cancer diseases.  相似文献   
64.
3-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone (3HBL) is a versatile chiral synthon, deemed a top value-added chemical from biomass by the DOE. We recently reported the first biosynthetic pathway towards 3HBL and its hydrolyzed form, 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid (3,4-DHBA) in recombinant Escherichia coli using glucose and glycolic acid as feedstocks and briefly described their synthesis solely from glucose. Synthesis from glucose requires integration of the endogenous glyoxylate shunt with the 3,4-DHBA/3HBL pathway and co-overexpression of seven genes, posing challenges with respect to expression, repression of the glyoxylate shunt and optimal carbon distribution between the two pathways. Here we discuss engineering this integration. While appropriate media and over-expression of glyoxylate shunt enzymes helped overcome repression, two orthogonal expression systems were employed to address the expression and carbon distribution challenge. Synthesis of up to 0.3 g/L of 3HBL and 0.7 g/L of 3,4-DHBA solely from glucose was demonstrated, amounting to 24% of the theoretical maximum.  相似文献   
65.
Phoenixin-14 (PNX) is a newly discovered peptide produced by proteolytic cleavage of the small integral membrane protein 20 (Smim20). Previous studies showed that PNX is involved in controlling reproduction, pain, anxiety and memory. Furthermore, in humans, PNX positively correlates with BMI suggesting a potential role of PNX in controlling fat accumulation in obesity. Since the influence of PNX on adipose tissue formation has not been so far demonstrated, we investigated the effects of PNX on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes using 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes. We detected Smim20 and Gpr173 mRNA in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as well as in rat primary preadipocytes. Furthermore, we found that PNX peptide is produced and secreted from 3T3-L1 and rat primary adipocytes. PNX increased 3T3-L1 preadipocytes proliferation and viability. PNX stimulated the expression of adipogenic genes (Pparγ, C/ebpβ and Fabp4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiated in the presence of PNX had increased lipid content. Stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by PNX was also confirmed in rat preadipocytes. PNX failed to induce AKT phosphorylation, however, PNX increased cAMP levels in 3T3-L1 cells. Suppression of Epac signalling attenuated PNX-induced Pparγ expression without affecting cell proliferation. Our data show that PNX stimulates differentiation of 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes into mature adipocytes via cAMP/Epac-dependent pathway. In conclusion our data shows that phoenixin promotes white adipogenesis, thereby may be involved in controlling body mass regulation.  相似文献   
66.
We have synthesized poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) modified with a synthetic trivalent glyco-ligand (TriGalNAc) for the hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R). We investigated in vivo distribution of unmodified PGA and TriGalNAc-modified PGA (TriGalNAc-PGA) in mice after intravenous injection. Most of unmodified PGA administered was transported to the bladder over 20–80 min, suggesting a rapid excretion of unmodified PGA into urine. In contrast, TriGalNAc-PGA was found exclusively in the liver over the same period of time. We further synthesized TriGalNAc-PGA–primaquine conjugate (TriGalNAc-PGA–PQ), and investigated binding, uptake, and catabolism of the conjugate by rat hepatocytes. Our studies indicated that approximately 250 ng per million cells of the conjugate bound to one million rat hepatocytes at 0 °C, and approximately 2 μg per million cells of the conjugate was taken up over 7 h incubation at 37 °C. Furthermore, our results suggested that TriGalNAc-PGA–PQ was almost completely degraded over 24 h, and small degradation products were secreted into cell culture medium.The results described in this report suggest that the TriGalNAc ligand can serve as an excellent targeting device for delivery of PGA-conjugates to the liver hepatocytes, and rat hepatocytes possess sufficient capacity to digest PGA even modified with other substituents.  相似文献   
67.
An animal (BALB/c mice) model of catalpol associated with bronchial asthma in vivo was established, and the effects of catalpol and its relationship with cytokines were investigated. A total of 30 adult BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a positive control group, a model group, and a catalpol group, with 10 mice in each group. The lung function of mice, the cell count, and the cytokine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected. The levels of cytokines [interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 5 (IL5), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ)] in BALF were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. The total number of cells in the BALF of the group treated with catalpol was significantly lower than the model group. After treatment with catalpol, the eosinophils and neutrophils of the mice were remarkably reduced compared with the model group. The malondialdehyde content in the lung tissue homogenate of the mice was also decreased in the catalpol group. The cytokines IL-5 and IL-4 exhibited a similar tendency: the concentrations of IL-4 and IL-5 for the catalpol group were dramatically decreased compared with the model group. However, the IFN-γ concentration for the catalpol group was higher than the model group. The results indicated that IL-5 may involve in the pathologic process of asthma-like IL-4, and an inflammatory reaction may still exist in the airway during the remission stage of asthma. The imbalances of the cytokine network might be an important molecular basis in the asthma pathogenesis. It is suggested that catalpol may be a potential drug for the clinical treatment of asthma.  相似文献   
68.
目的:观察卡介苗(BCG)单独作用膀胱肿瘤细胞、正常膀胱移行上皮细胞及其代谢产物作用上述细胞后细胞生长情况及各自细胞培养液上清液中细胞因子(TNF-α.、IL-10、IFN-γ)浓度的变化,探讨其在卡介苗治疗膀胱肿瘤中可能的作用机制。方法:构建大鼠膀胱肿瘤模型,并原代培养大鼠膀胱肿瘤细胞及正常膀胱移行上皮细胞。分别用BCG,普通培养液和细胞培养的代谢产物作用上述细胞。酶联接免疫吸附剂测定法(ELISA法)检测各组细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的浓度。结果:ELISA法检测各组细胞上清液中TNF-α、IL-10的浓度改变有显著差异,而IFN-γ的浓度无显著差异。结论:BCG可以直接刺激肿瘤细胞自身分泌细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-10)参与调节抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。  相似文献   
69.
70.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is the method of choice to study paramagnetic cofactors that often play an important role as active centers in electron transfer processes in biological systems. However, in many cases more than one paramagnetic species is contributing to the observed EPR spectrum, making the analysis of individual contributions difficult and in some cases impossible. With time-domain techniques it is possible to exploit differences in the relaxation behavior of different paramagnetic species to distinguish between them and separate their individual spectral contribution. Here we give an overview of the use of pulsed EPR spectroscopy to study the iron-sulfur clusters of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). While FeS cluster N1 can be studied individually at a temperature of 30 K, this is not possible for FeS cluster N2 due to its severe spectral overlap with cluster N1. In this case Relaxation Filtered Hyperfine (REFINE) spectroscopy can be used to separate the overlapping spectra based on differences in their relaxation behavior.  相似文献   
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