Novel Single-step Pretreatment of Steam Explosion and Choline Chloride to De-lignify Corn Stover for Enhancing Enzymatic Edibility

It is important to develop efficient and economically feasible pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic biomass, to increase annual biomass production. A number of pretreatment methods were introduced to promote subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass for green energy processes. Pretreatment with steam explosion removes the only xylan at high severity but increases lignin content. In this study, corn stover soaked in choline chloride solution before the steam explosion is economically feasible as it reduced cost. Enzymatic hydrolysis of de-lignified corn stover is enhanced by combinatorial pretreatments of steam explosion and choline chloride. Corn stover pretreated with choline chloride at the ratio of 1:2.2 (w/w), 1.0 MPa, 184 °C, for 15 min efficiently expelled 84.7% lignin and 78.9% xylan. The residual solid comprised of 74.59% glucan and 7.51% xylan was changed to 84.2% glucose and 78.3% xylose with enzyme stacking of 10FPU/g. This single-step pretreatment had ∼ 4.5 and 6.4 times higher glucose yield than SE-pretreated and untreated corn stover, respectively. Furthermore, SEM, XRD and FTIR indicated the porosity, crystalline changes, methoxy bond-cleavage respectively due to the lignin and hemicellulose expulsion. Thus, the released acetic acid during this process introduced this novel strategy, which significantly builds the viability of biomass in short pretreatment time.     

A fluorescence-based indicator for nanofiltration fouling propensity caused by effluent organic matter (EfOM)

Effluent organic matter (EfOM) is one of the major foulants responsible for the occurrence of membrane fouling during advanced wastewater treatment using nanofiltration (NF) technology. In this present study, we have reported a simple fouling indicator based on the properties of fractional fluorescence and molecular weight, termed as fluorescence-size-index (FSI), to predict the fouling propensity of NF when filtrating EfOM. Specifically, EfOM collected from twenty-one real sewage samples were first analyzed to quantify their fluorescent compositions and concentrations. The results showed that the EfOM consisted mainly of humic-like substances, soluble organism metabolites and fulvic-like substances, characterized by small-molecule organic matters (<5 kDa) and hydrophobic fractions. Second, the major NF fouling fractions of EfOM were determined based on their fluorescent properties. It was observed that small-molecule hydrophobic components with humic-like fluorescence properties continuously influenced the flux decline rate throughout the whole operation, while macromolecular hydrophilic components with fluorescent properties of apparent aromatic hydrocarbon proteins were primarily responsible for the initial, rapid flux decline. Furthermore, the constructed FSI has proven to be useful in guiding the selection of pretreatment methods for preventing NF fouling.     

基于综合评价法的洞庭湖区绿地生态网络构建

绿地生态网络对于改善区域生态空间破碎化、生物多样性降低、生态系统服务供需不平衡及保障区域生态安全具有重要意义。本研究以洞庭湖区为例,在3S技术支持下,从生态系统服务功能、潜在生物多样性、形态空间格局的角度综合评价和识别生态源地及计算栅格单元的基本生态阻力;利用夜间灯光指数修正基本生态阻力;运用最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道;构建加权评价模型,对源地的聚合度、离散度及廊道的生态连接贡献度进行评价;利用结构特征指数对综合网络、“源-汇”潜在网络及规划网络进行对比分析和评价。结果表明: 源地空间分布不均衡,林地、灌丛与水域三者面积之和占源地总面积的95.9%,位于研究区中部的洞庭湖湿地生态风险较高;源地离生态网络系统中心位置越近及到其他源地的平均最小累积阻力越小,聚合及离散的优势越强;高生态质量源地周围的中、高生态质量源地分布越密集,其聚合度、离散度越高;廊道离高生态质量的源地越近,表现为生态连接贡献度越大;林地、灌丛,尤其是河道在自然生态系统与人类社会系统之间起着非常重要的生态连接作用;“源-汇”规划绿道对“源-汇”潜在生态廊道形成了良好补充,与“源-汇”潜在网络相比,综合网络的α、β、γ、ρ指数分别提高123.1%、25.8%、26.2%、74.6%;与“源-汇”规划网络相比,α、β、γ、ρ指数分别提高了190.0%、31.1%、32.5%、114.6%。本研究结果能为洞庭湖区绿地生态网络构建、国土空间规划提供参考。     

市县级限制开发区环境功能区划研究——以河北省张家口市为例

限制开发地区是我国主体功能区划中划定的提供重要生态功能和农产品的地区,对其进行环境功能区划对于推动环境功能区划制度落地与实施,以及限制开发区的保护与发展有着重要意义。当前国家及省级的环境功能区划研究已经相对成熟,而市县尺度的限制开发地区环境功能区划相关研究较少。在总结现有环境功能区划研究方法的基础上,以河北省张家口市为例,探讨了市县级限制开发地区环境功能区划体系设计和技术方法,提出了以公里格网作为分析单元,结合县域行政边界,基于环境功能综合评价的结果,从自然生态安全、维护人群健康和区域环境支撑能力等3个方面,开展环境功能区划。基于该方法,将张家口市分为自然生态保留区、生态功能保持区、生态功能恢复区、农产品安全保障区、环境开发准入区、聚居发展维护区6类环境功能区,并根据各环境功能区的主要功能及生态环境特点提出相应的发展建议,以期为该区域管理提供可行的操作手段。本文提出的方法也可为其他限制开发地区的环境功能区划提供参考。     

DNA barcoding of Oryza: conventional,specific, and super barcodes

Key message

We applied the phylogenomics to clarify the concept of rice species, aid in the identification and use of rice germplasms, and support rice biodiversity.

Abstract

Rice (genus Oryza) is one of the most important crops in the world, supporting half of the world’s population. Breeding of high-yielding and quality cultivars relies on genetic resources from both cultivated and wild species, which are collected and maintained in seed banks. Unfortunately, numerous seeds are mislabeled due to taxonomic issues or misidentifications. Here, we applied the phylogenomics of 58 complete chloroplast genomes and two hypervariable nuclear genes to determine species identity in rice seeds. Twenty-one Oryza species were identified. Conspecific relationships were determined between O. glaberrima and O. barthii, O. glumipatula and O. longistaminata, O. grandiglumis and O. alta, O. meyeriana and O. granulata, O. minuta and O. malampuzhaensis, O. nivara and O. sativa subsp. indica, and O. sativa subsp. japonica and O. rufipogon. D and L genome types were not found and the H genome type was extinct. Importantly, we evaluated the performance of four conventional plant DNA barcodes (matK, rbcL, psbA-trnH, and ITS), six rice-specific chloroplast DNA barcodes (psaJ-rpl33, trnC-rpoB, rps16-trnQ, rpl22-rps19, trnK-matK, and ndhC-trnV), two rice-specific nuclear DNA barcodes (NP78 and R22), and a chloroplast genome super DNA barcode. The latter was the most reliable marker. The six rice-specific chloroplast barcodes revealed that 17% of the 53 seed accessions from rice seed banks or field collections were mislabeled. These results are expected to clarify the concept of rice species, aid in the identification and use of rice germplasms, and support rice biodiversity.

     

针叶树病原菌异担子菌属的物种多样性及相关检疫建议

异担子菌属Heterobasidion种类是北半球针叶树最严重的森林病原菌,在世界范围内能侵染27种针叶树,对欧洲和北美洲的经营林已造成重大损失。基于传统形态学研究,认为异担子菌属有2个种,即多年异担子菌H. annosum和岛生异担子菌H. insulare,然而单孢交配实验研究证明2个种为复合种。分子系统发育分析研究表明：异担子菌属包括15个种,其中5个种为森林病原菌[冷杉异担子菌H. abietinum、多年异担子菌（狭义）H. annosum s. str.、变孔异担子菌H. irregulare、西方异担子菌H. occidentale和小孔异担子菌H. parviporum];10个种为腐生菌（淀粉孢异担子菌H. amyloideum、南洋杉异担子菌H. araucariae、阿曼德异担子菌H. armandii、南方异担子菌H. australe、岛生异担子菌H. insulare、林芝异担子菌H. linzhiense、东方异担子菌H. orientale、拟岛生异担子菌H. subinsulare、拟小孔异担子菌H. subparviporum和西藏异担子菌H. tibeticum）。多年异担子菌（狭义）H. annosum s. str.、小孔异担子菌H. parviporum和冷杉异担子菌H. abietinum分布于欧洲,分别是松属、云杉属和冷杉属林木的病原菌。变孔异担子菌H. irregulare和西方异担子菌H. occidentale分布于北美洲,前者侵染松属和柏属树木,后者侵染冷杉属、铁杉属、黄杉属和巨杉属树木。虽然广义的多年异担子菌H. annosum sensu lato曾在我国报道,但基于目前研究结果表明该种为拟小孔异担子菌H. subparviporum。目前世界上最具侵染力的5种病原菌即狭义的多年异担子菌H. annosum s. str.、小孔异担子菌H. parviporum、冷杉异担子菌H. abietinum、变孔异担子菌H. irregulare和西方异担子菌H. occidentale还未在我国发现,也未列为对外检疫对象,因此建议将其列为进境植物检疫性有害生物。RNA聚合酶II大亚基序列（RPB1）在异担子菌属种类鉴定中敏感性和特异性最高,研究证明该分子方法可应用于鉴别不同异担子菌种类的有效基因标记,在海关部门进行原木和木质产品的检疫中可运用该分子标记进行林木病原异担子菌的检测。     

月季花瓣数量遗传分析

以‘窄叶藤本月季花’(Rosa chinensis‘Zhaiye Tengben Yuejihua’)ב月月粉’(R.chinensis‘Old Blush’)杂交群体为材料,分析其花瓣数量的分离特点,对单瓣花与重瓣花的花芽分化过程进行观察,并对花瓣、雄蕊及瓣化雄蕊进行表皮细胞超微结构的观察。结果显示:杂交群体的花瓣数量分离明显,出现从5~54片的连续变异;花瓣数量、瓣化雄蕊数量、雌蕊数量的遗传模型为2MG-AD(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因控制),雄蕊数量的遗传模型为0MG(无主基因控制);月季重瓣花形成的原因为雄蕊瓣化,重瓣花形成的关键时期为雄蕊原基形成后期,可见到雄蕊瓣化为花瓣的现象;月季瓣化雄蕊的表皮细胞形态、褶皱程度介于单瓣花花瓣和重瓣花外轮花瓣之间。