Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

蛋白激酶C与细胞增殖调控

介绍了蛋白激酶Ｃ家族的分子结构和基本酶学特征，以及在细胞信号传导、细胞增殖、转化和分化、程序死亡过程中的重要作用，探讨ＰＫＣ研究在临床肿瘤治疗中的意义。     

放射性同位素技术在鸟类能量学上的应用——双标记水方法简介

鸟类能量学是近年来鸟类生态学研究中日益引人注目的一个领域,是研究鸟类能量代谢的科学。传统的研究方法是把实验鸟放进一个密闭的环境中,通过测定耗氧量来研究其能量代谢。随着对生态系统研究的日益深入,对生     

鸟类定向的信息及定向机制

鸟类定向行为作为一种自然现象,早已为人类观察和认识。但是直到本世纪五十年代,才开始进行系统、深入的探索。这个时期,克雷默(Kramer)等人的工作真正证实鸟类存在定向行为。随后,索尔(Sauer)提出了“星辰导航”的假说来解释定向,认为星辰是定向的主要信息。七十年代初威尔奇可(Wiltschko)等     

按照教学大纲切实抓好生物学基础知识的教学

1987年2月由国家教育委员会正式颁布执行的《全日制中学生物学教学大纲》和《全日制中学生理卫生教学大纲》,是在大纲的征求意见稿试行了5年之后,经过修改和国家教委中小学教材审定委员会审定之后正式颁布实施的。“大纲”体现了国家对全国中学生物学教学和生理卫生教学的基本要求,因而也是编写教材、进行教学、评估教学质量和成绩考核的依据。“大纲”在明确了生物科学的重要性和中学生物课作为必修的基础课程的重要性之后,首先提出四项教学的目的要求,这四项目的要求     

仙人掌的刺是叶变态而成的叶刺吗?

初中植物学课本第四章(叶)第一节(叶的形态)中,在讲述变态的叶时指出,仙人掌的刺“是由叶变成的,叫做叶刺。仙人掌的叶全部变为叶刺”。高中生物学课本第七章第一节里也讲到“仙人掌的叶变成了刺”。几位读者来信对此提出了疑问。我们曾把信转给北京大学李正理教授,他也认为这的确是一个值得说明澄清的问题。人们只要留心观察仙人掌科植物的生长情况,不难看到,许多仙人掌科植物茎尖的幼嫩部分,在长出新芽的过程中,有绿色的小叶片出现,在叶腋内萌生出一个或几个刺,有的还有一     

效果明显的渗透装置

剪取一块羊皮纸(或半透明纸)作为半透膜,蒙在长颈漏斗上用橡皮筋扎紧。漏斗颈上套上一段三厘米左右长的乳胶管。把漏斗口朝下放在平整的桌面上,用吸管吸取加有红色墨水的浓蔗糖溶液,从乳胶管口注满漏斗。选一支10.5毫升移液管,插入乳胶管并与漏斗颈相接。用色彩鲜艳的纸条做一宽半厘米:左右的纸环,套在移液管上,纸环可以沿移液管上下移动,作为标记环。装好后,把漏斗移入盛有清水的烧杯中,移置铁架台上加以固定(如图)。     

关于中心粒的形成及其周期

陕西省吴堡县宋家川中学的薛剑平同志曾对现行的高中生物课本第34页关于动物细胞有丝分裂的模式图提出疑问。如按照课本所画在有丝分裂末期的子细胞中已各有两对中心粒了,那么中心粒究竟是在什么时候复制的呢?他的问题提得对。实际上,不仅中学课本,一些新出版的大学课本中也有同样的错误或疏忽。