The Changes of The Level of Triterpenoids in Calendula officinalis during Vegetation

Using thin-layer chromatography for separation and colorimetric test with CoClj for determination, qualitative and quantitative composition of triterpenoids was estimated in Calendula officinalis dining vegetation. It was found that sterols and oleanolic acid as well as trace amounts of triterpenic monols occur in all organs of the plant during the whole vegetative period. Triterpenic diols and greater quantities of triterpenic monols appear in flowers. The biosynthesis rate of triterpcnoids is highest in young organs of the plant that is in seedlings, young leaves and flower buds. During flowering the content of sterols and oleanolic acid increases in all plant organs except of old leaves. A high level of oleanolic acid in the root during the flowering period implies that oleanolic acid glycosides can be transported from older leaves to underground parts of the plant. Biosynthesis of triterpenic monols, Ψ-taraxasterol and taraxasterol, precedes the formation of the diols faradiol and arnidiol. It can be inferred from the course of accumulation of these compounds that monols are the precursors of diols and that hydroxylation occurs in flowers.     

Space-time decoupling in the branching process in the mutant étoile of the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus

Ectocarpus siliculosus is being developed as a model organism for brown algal genetics and genomics.^1,2 Brown algae are phylogenetically distant from the other multicellular phyla (green lineage, red algae, fungi and metazoan)³ and therefore might offer the opportunity to study novel and alternative developmental processes that lead to the establishment of multicellularity. E. siliculosus develops as uniseriate filaments, thereby displaying one of the simplest architectures among multicellular organisms.⁴ The young sporophyte grows as a primary filament and then branching occurs, preferentially at the center of the filament. We recently described the first morphogenetic mutant étoile (etl) in a brown alga, produced by UVB mutagenesis in E. siliculosus.⁵ We showed that a single recessive mutation was responsible for a defect in both cell differentiation and the very early branching pattern (first and second branch emergences). Here, we supplement this study by reporting the branching defects observed subsequently, i.e. for the later stages corresponding to the emergence of up to the first six secondary filaments, and we show that the branching process is composed of at least two distinct components: time and position.   The developmental pattern of E. siliculosus is characterized by a very high level of morphological plasticity.⁶ Observations followed by statistical analyses allowed analyzing the morphometric features accompanying the establishment of the branching pattern in the mutant étoile, compared with the wild type (WT) organism (strain Ec32). The branching pattern can be deciphered in two main components: (1) the timing of branching and (2) the position of branching.     

Prevalence of Prototheca spp. on dairy farms in Poland – a cross-country study

The Prototheca algae have recently emerged as an important cause of bovine mastitis globally. Here, we present results of a first large-scale, cross-country survey on the prevalence of Prototheca spp. in dairy cows, and their environment in Poland. A total of 1211 samples were collected and microbiologically analysed. Included within this number were milk (n = 638), body swabs (n = 374) and environmental samples (n = 199), originating from 400 dairy cows and their surroundings, on 16 dairy farms, based in all major provinces of the country. Prototheca spp. were the third, after Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp., most common mastitis pathogens. The overall prevalence of protothecal mastitis was 8.3% (33/400), with the majority (75.8%) of cases having a subclinical course, and all but one attributable to P. zopfii genotype 2. Prototheca spp. were cultured from body swabs of both healthy and mastitic cows, yet the isolation rate among the latter was conspicuously lower (12.3% vs. 17.8%). Forty-two (21.2%) environmental samples yielded growth of Prototheca spp. However, no clear association between Prototheca mastitis in dairy cows and the algal isolation from the herd environment was found. Nor was there any association between the environmental recovery of the algae and farm management practices.     

Large-scale multi-trophic co-response models and environmental control of pelagic food webs in Québec lakes

Environmental heterogeneity plays a fundamental role in driving species distributions by, for one, fostering niche dimensionality. Within lake ecosystems, species distributions and concordance patterns are driven by both local and regional heterogeneity, though their relative importance across trophic levels has rarely been explored. We developed a statistical framework to compare responses of taxa from different trophic levels to abiotic factors and determine how this affected multi-trophic network structures. In particular, we used multi-species concordance modelling (concordance analysis and RV coefficient) to determine species associations and correlations within and among three trophic levels (phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish communities sampled across 49 southern Québec lakes, covering eight hydrological regions). We then used multiple factor analysis, latent variable modelling and local contributions of sites to beta diversity to assess the relative importance of major environmental gradients in structuring species co-responses and species interaction turnover across the landscape. Our analyses confirmed that concordant species within each trophic level varied jointly or segregated into different pelagic food webs in Québec lakes where important acidification and eutrophication took place. Some keynote species were indicators of different food web compartments and distinguished groups of lakes along multiple environmental niche dimensions. Among the three trophic levels examined, zooplankton depicted the highest proportion of species concordance and appeared to act as a trophic linkage between phytoplankton and fish. Ultimately, the losses or gains in species richness and species interactions were strongly driven by environmental gradients. This study provides for the first time a combined analysis of the effects of environmental heterogeneity on ecological communities belonging to three trophic levels sampled near simultaneously across an 800 km broad lacustrine landscape. The new framework developed in this study has a great potential to better understand the complex response of aquatic ecosystems in a world increasingly affected by multiple, cumulative stressors.     

Gram-negative bacteria associated with timber as a potential respiratory hazard for woodworkers

The concentration and species composition of viableGram-negative bacteria was determined in samples of coniferous wood (Scots pine) and deciduous wood (European beech), and in air samples taken during the processing of these woods in sawmills. The concentration of Gram-negative bacteria in the sapwood of pine logs ranged from 1.0 × 10¹ to 6.2 × 10⁴ CFU/g. Their concentration in the air of the pine processing sawmill was within a range of 1.0 × 10²–6.3 × 10² CFU/m³. Concentration of Gram-negative bacteria in the sapwood of beech logs was similar to that in the sapwood of pine logs, ranging from 1.0 × 10¹ to 4.6 × 10⁴ CFU/g. However, the concentration of these bacteria in the air of a beech processing sawmill was within a range of 7.8 × 10³–1.3 × 10⁴ CFU/m³, being significantly higher than in a pine processing sawmill. Enterobacteriaceae strains, mostly Enterobacter spp. and Rahnella spp., made up 70–75% of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from pine and beech wood and from the air pollutedwith sawdust from these woods. The aerial exposure to Gram-negative bacteria possessing endotoxic andallergenic properties poses potential risk ofoccupational respiratory disorders among sawmillworkers, in particular those processing beech wood.