基于系统发育及功能性状的不同坡向荒漠植物群落构建研究——以博湖县沙化封禁保护区为例

荒漠植物群落构建机制的研究有助于荒漠生态系统植物资源的保护及系统平衡稳定的维持。基于系统发育与功能性状相结合的方法,以博湖县沙化封禁保护区植物群落为研究对象,在研究区内纵向沙垄的不同坡向上(丘间、阴坡、阳坡)设置样方,进行植物群落物种功能性状和土壤因子的调查与测定,通过检验植物群落物种功能性状的系统发育信号,分析不同坡向植物群落物种系统发育结构和功能结构的表现模式,利用主成分分析(PCA)和线性回归模型(Linear regression model)筛选出影响物种共存的环境因子,进而揭示研究区干旱荒漠生态系统植物群落物种共存的驱动因素。结果表明：(1)研究区植被主要以耐旱的灌木和藜科草本植物为优势种;不同坡向土壤因子具有异质性,丘间、阴坡土壤养分、水分更为丰富。(2)研究区样地植物群落物种10个功能性状指标的系统发育信号K值均小于1,说明物种功能性状受系统进化影响较小,物种功能性状未表现出系统发育保守性。(3)不同坡向系统发育结构均趋于发散,限制相似性在植物分布中占主导作用;丘间和阴坡上较丰富的土壤肥力是物种功能结构发散的主要原因,阳坡物种功能结构表现为聚集效应,生境过滤为其驱动因素...     

海湾景观生态脆弱性及其对人类活动的响应——以东海区为例

研究围填海影响下海湾景观生态脆弱性,有助于提高海湾生态环境保护意识、加速修复海湾生态系统。基于东海区海湾6期景观数据,分析了围填海影响下东海海湾景观生态脆弱性和人工干扰强度的时空变化特征,并讨论了海湾景观对人类活动的响应程度。结果表明:(1)东海海湾景观脆弱度上升,北部和南部海湾较高和高脆弱区面积呈上升趋势。高等级脆弱区不断扩散,主要由城市到郊区、内地到沿海、陆地到港口等。(2)东海海湾围填海开发利用强度加强。东海北部海湾景观人工干扰强度由低值向高值转变,中强度、较高强度区间和高强度区面积不断增加。南部海湾景观人工干扰强度南北分异显著,呈现出北低南高的特征。人工干扰强度从内陆向河口周边及沿海地区强度逐渐加深。(3)东海海湾景观变化对人类活动响应显著。东海北部海湾景观趋于破碎化、多样化、非均衡化。东海南部海湾逐渐向集约开发方向发展,景观趋于规则化、均衡化。东海海湾景观脆弱度与景观人工干扰强度间存在显著的正相关关系,南部海湾景观脆弱度与人工干扰度之间的拟合度大于北部海湾。     

带有逆转录病毒的恶性T淋巴细胞株的建立

从一例患神经系统疾病病人的外周血淋巴细胞中建立了一株恶性Ｔ淋巴细胞株ＣＭ－１并研究了它的生物学特性。用过滤的ＣＭ－１细胞的培养上清,可命名多发性血管硬化症病人的淋巴细胞转化恶性Ｔ淋巴细胞,由此建立ＣＭ－２细胞株。用ＣＭ－１和ＣＭ－２细胞皮下接种裸鼠,都能使裸鼠产生弥漫性恶性淋巴瘤。电镜下见到了类似于Ｃ型逆转录病毒的颗粒,逆转酶活性检测阳性。血清学和基因检测表明ＣＭ－１和ＣＭ－２中不存在本室常用的其     

施氮时期对酿酒葡萄叶片氮代谢酶及相关基因表达的影响

以10年生‘蛇龙珠’葡萄为材料,在萌芽期(S1)、新梢旺长期(S2)、开花期(S3)、果实第一次膨大期(S4)、副梢生长旺期(S5)和果实第二次膨大期(S6)分别一次性施入尿素300kg·hm-2,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),分析了花前5d(DBF5)、花后25d(DAF25)、花后55d(DAF55)和花后85d(DAF85)叶片的各项指标,以明确氮素施用时期对葡萄叶片氮代谢的调控与影响。结果表明:(1)S1和S2处理葡萄叶片中总氮及可溶性蛋白含量在DAF25时显著增加。(2)S3和S4处理的NR及GS活性在DAF85时显著高于其他处理;在DAF25时,S1和S2处理的GOGAT活性,以及S3和S4处理的GDH活性均显著高于同期对照和其他施肥处理。(3)各施肥处理叶片VvNR表达水平在不同时期均高于同期对照,S3处理VvNR表达水平在DAF25和DAF85时分别为对照的3.4倍和2.7倍;S3和S4处理的VvGS表达水平分别在DAF55和DAF85时达到最高值,S3处理的VvGOGAT和S4处理的VvGDH表达水平在DAF55和DAF85均显著高于其他处理,S3处理的VvGDH表达水平在DAF55和DAF85仅次于S4处理。研究表明,氮素通过诱导叶片氮素代谢基因的响应,从而调控叶片中氮素代谢酶活性增加,促进了氮素的积累,S3和S4处理在不同时期氮代谢酶活性和对应的基因表达水平均较高,更有利于叶片中氮素的转化和代谢。     

A DREaMR system to simplify combining mutations with rescue transgenes in Aedes aegypti

In most experimental animals, it is challenging to combine mutations and rescue transgenes and to use bipartite systems to assess gene expression. To circumvent the difficulties in combining multiple genetic elements, we developed the DREaMR (Drug-on, REporter, Mutant, Rescue) system. Using Drosophila white as the initial model, we demonstrated that introduction of a single insertion by CRISPR/Cas9 created a null mutation, a tagged rescue construct, which could be induced with doxycycline, and which allowed assessment of protein expression. To create a DREaMR in an organism in which combining multiple genetic elements is more problematic than in Drosophila, we tested the mosquito, Aedes aegypti—the insect vector for dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and other viral diseases. We generated a DREaMR allele in the kh gene, which permitted us to induce expression of the rescue construct, and detect expression of Kh. Thus, this system avoids the need to perform genetic crosses to introduce an inducible rescue transgene in a mutant background, or to combine driver and reporter lines to examine expression of the targeted protein. We propose that DREaMR provides a system that can be applied to additional mosquito vectors as well as other organisms in which CRISPR/Cas9 is effective.     

Root morphology ion absorption and antioxidative defense system of two Chinese cabbage cultivars (Brassica rapa L.) reveal the different adaptation mechanisms to salt and alkali stress

Salt stress and alkali stress are major factors that affect the growth and production of Chinese cabbage. To explore their tolerant mechanism to salt and alkali stress, three salinity levels (0, 50, 100 mmol/L NaCl) and three different pH levels (pH6.5, pH7.5, pH8.5) were interactively applied on Qinghua (salt-tolerant–alkali-sensitive) and Biyu (salt-sensitive–alkali-tolerant) cultivars; the root morphology, ion content and antioxidant enzymes were determined. The results showed that the root morphology and root water content of Qinghua under S₀pH_7.5 and S₀pH_8.5 were seriously affected, and the content of H₂O₂ and MDA increased by 143%, 190% and 234%, 294%, respectively, compared with S₀pH_6.5; when Biyu was under S₅₀pH_6.5 and S₁₀₀pH_6.5 stress, the content of H₂O₂ and MDA increase to 152%, 208% and to 240%, 263%, respectively, but the activities and genes expression of SOD, POD, CAT, AAO, APX, DHAR and MDHAR did not change. The root and the contents of H₂O₂ and MDA were not affected when Qinghua was treated with salt and Biyu was treated with alkali, but the activities of the antioxidant enzymes increased to 150–200%, and their relative expression was overexpressed and 2.5–3.5-fold of the S₀pH6.5. The increase of Na⁺ in Qinghua was limited under salt stress, Mg²⁺ in Biyu increased significantly under alkali stress. These all indicated that the adaptability of roots could reflect the degree of tolerance; Chinese cabbage with high salt and alkali tolerance enhanced the regulation of their absorption of ions and increased the relative expression and activities of related antioxidant enzymes.

     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel technetium-99m labeled phenylbenzoxazole derivatives as potential imaging probes for β-amyloid plaques in brain

Two uncharged (99m)Tc-labeled phenylbenzoxazole derivatives were biologically evaluated as potential imaging probes for β-amyloid plaques. The (99m)Tc and corresponding rhenium complexes were synthesized by coupling monoamine-monoamide dithiol (MAMA) and bis(aminoethanethiol) (BAT) chelating ligand via a pentyloxy spacer to phenylbenzoxazole. The fluorescent rhenium complexes 6 and 9 selectively stainined the β-amyloid plaques on the sections of transgenic mouse, and showed high affinity for Aβ((1-42)) aggregates (K(i)=11.1 nM and 14.3 nM, respectively). Autoradiography in vitro indicated that [(99m)Tc]6 clearly labeled β-amyloid plaques on the sections of transgenic mouse. Biodistribution experiments in normal mice revealed that [(99m)Tc]6 displayed moderate initial brain uptake (0.81% ID/g at 2 min), and quickly washed out from the brain (0.25% ID/g at 60 min). The preliminary results indicate that the properties of [(99m)Tc]6 are promising, although additional refinements are needed to improve the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.     

Can aspect ratio be used to categorize intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics?-A study of elastase induced aneurysms in rabbit

Clinical studies suggest that aneurysm aspect ratio (AR) is an important indicator of rupture likelihood. The importance of AR is hypothesized to arise from its influence on intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics. It has been conjectured that slower flow in high AR sacs leads to a cascade of biological activities that weaken the aneurysm wall (Ujiie et al.,1999). However, the connection between AR, hemodynamics and wall weakening has never been proven. Animal models of saccular aneurysms provide a venue for evaluating this conjecture. The focus of this work was to evaluate whether a commonly used elastase induced aneurysm model in rabbits is suitable for a study of this kind from a hemodynamic perspective. In particular, to assess whether hemodynamic factors in low and high AR sacs are statistically different. To achieve this objective, saccular aneurysms were created in 51 rabbits and pulsatile computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies were performed using rabbit specific inflows. Distinct hemodynamics were found in the low AR (AR<1.8, n=25), and high AR (AR>2.2, n=18) models. A single, stable recirculation zone was present in all low AR aneurysms, whereas a second, transient recirculation zone was also found in the superior aspect of the aneurysm dome for all high AR cases. Aneurysms with AR between 1.8 and 2.2 displayed transitional flow patterns. Differences in values and distributions of hemodynamic parameters were found between low and high AR cases including time averaged wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, relative residence time and non-dimensional inflow rate. This work lays the foundation for future studies of the dependence of growth and remodeling on AR in the rabbit model and provides a motivation for further studies of the coupling between AR and hemodynamics in human aneurysms.     

Salinity-Induced Anti-Angiogenesis Activities and Structural Changes of the Polysaccharides from Cultured Cordyceps Militaris

Cordyceps is a rare and exotic mushroom that grows out of the head of a mummified caterpillar. Many companies are cultivating Cordyceps to meet the increased demand for its medicinal applications. However, the structures and functions of polysaccharides, one of the pharmaceutical active ingredients in Cordyceps, are difficult to reproduce in vitro. We hypothesized that mimicking the salty environment inside caterpillar bodies might make the cultured fungus synthesize polysaccharides with similar structures and functions to that of wild Cordyceps. By adding either sodium sulfate or sodium chloride into growth media, we observed the salinity-induced anti-angiogenesis activities of the polysaccharides purified from the cultured C. Militaris. To correlate the activities with the polysaccharide structures, we performed the ¹³C-NMR analysis and observed profound structural changes including different proportions of α and β glycosidic bonds and appearances of uronic acid signals in the polysaccharides purified from the culture after the salts were added. By coupling the techniques of stable ³⁴S-sulfate isotope labeling, aniline- and D₅-aniline tagging, and stable isotope facilitated uronic acid-reduction with LC-MS analysis, our data revealed for the first time the existence of covalently linked sulfate and the presence of polygalacuronic acids in the polysaccharides purified from the salt added C. Militaris culture. Our data showed that culturing C. Militaris with added salts changed the biosynthetic scheme and resulted in novel polysaccharide structures and functions. These findings might be insightful in terms of how to make C. Militaris cultures to reach or to exceed the potency of wild Cordyceps in future.