Hydroxylation of thiacloprid by bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CGMCC1.1788

Chloropyridinyl neonicotinoid insecticides play a major role in crop protection and flea control on cats and dogs. Imidacloprid, thiacloprid and acetamiprid have in common the 6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl group but differ in the nitroguanidine or cyanoamidine substituent on an acyclic or cyclic moiety. Our previous study found that Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CGMCC 1.1788 could hydroxylate imidacloprid to 5-hydroxy imidacloprid, and 5-hydroxy imidacloprid was easily converted to 10–19 times higher insecticidal olefin imidacloprid against aphid or whitefly. Acetamiprid could be transformed by S. maltophilia to form N-demethylation product(IM 2-1). In this paper, we examined S. maltophilia CGMCC 1.1788’s ability of transformation of thiacloprid. S. maltophilia CGMCC 1.1788 can hydroxylate thiacloprid to 4-hydroxy thiacloprid characterized by HPLC-MS/MS and NMR analysis, however 4-hydroxy thiacloprid could not be converted to olefin thiacloprid under acid conditions like imidacloprid, whereas oxidized and decyonated simultaneously to form 4-ketone thiacloprid imine in alkaline solution. Bioassays indicated that 4-hydroxy thiacloprid had 156 times lower insecticidal activity than thiacloprid, and the ketone-imine derivative almost had no toxicity towards aphid. Though both imidacloprid and thiacloprid are hydroxylated by S. maltophilia CGMCC 1.1788 at the same carbon atom position, however the structural difference between in imidacloprid and thiacloprid, originate the entire discrepancy in bioefficacy of metabolite and its further degrading pathway. These results explain that why thiacloprid is classified as not relevant grade for soil and seed applications, whereas imidacloprid is recommended and acetamiprid is limited.     

淡水湿地浮游病毒的空间分布

在2006年3～7月间,对湖北省内15个营养水平不同的湿地水体中浮游病毒的分布规律开展了大规模研究.采用荧光显微直接计数法测定了浮游病毒丰度,同时还测量水体透明度、水温、pH、总氮、总磷、COD、叶绿素a浓度及活菌数. 结果显示,浮游病毒丰度不但与活菌数和叶绿素a浓度显著相关(P<0.05),而且也与COD和水温极显著相关(P<0.01),这一结果说明有机物浓度和水温分别是决定淡水湿地中浮游病毒空间和时间分布的重要因素. 进一步的分析还表明在富营养化水体中,浮游病毒与活菌数的相关性(P<0.05)高于与叶绿素a浓度的相关性(P>0.05),说明噬菌体(而不是浮游植物病毒)是富营养化水体中浮游病毒的优势种类.     

Neuropathy target esterase: An essential enzyme for neural development and axonal maintenance

Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is an endoplasmic reticulum-anchored protein conserved across species. The N-terminal regulatory region of NTE contains three cyclic nucleotide binding domains while the C-terminal catalytic domain has a patatin domain. The NTE gene is expressed in mouse early at embryonic day 7 and its expression is maintained throughout embryonic development. NTE protein is mainly distributed in the nervous system with a pattern that is more restricted to large neurons in older animals. NTE regulates phospholipid metabolism and is known to be a phospholipase B. Knockout of NTE is embryonic lethal in mice, indicating that NTE is essential for embryonic survival. Neuronal specific NTE knockouts survive to adulthood, but show vacuolation and neuronal loss characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, mutations in human NTE have been shown to cause a hereditary spastic paraplegia called NTE-related motor neuron disorder, suggesting a critical role for NTE in the nervous system.     

17beta-estradiol attenuates programmed cell death in cortical pericontusional zone following traumatic brain injury via upregulation of ERalpha and inhibition of caspase-3 activation

Pericontusional zone (PCZ) of traumatic cerebral contusion is a target of pharmacological intervention. It is well studied that 17beta-estradiol has a protective role in ischemic brain injury, but its role in brain protection of traumatic brain damage deserves further investigation, especially in pericontusional zone. Here we show that 17beta-estradiol enhances the protein expression and mRNA induction of estrogen alpha receptor (ERalpha) and prevents from programmed cell death in cortical pericontusional zone. ERalpha specific antagonist blocks this protective effect of 17beta-estradiol. Caspase-3 activation occurs in cortical pericontusional zone of the oil-treated injured rat brain and its activation is inhibited by 17beta-estradiol treatment. Additionally, ERalpha specific antagonist reverses this inhibition. Pan-caspase inhibitor also protect cortical pericontusional zone from programmed cell death. Our present study indicates 17beta-estradiol protects from programmed cell death in cortical pericontusional zone via enhancement of ERalpha and decrease of caspase-3 activation.     

Epidemiology of Zoonotic Hepatitis E: A Community-Based Surveillance Study in a Rural Population in China

Background

Hepatitis E is caused by two viral genotype groups: human types and zoonotic types. Current understanding of the epidemiology of the zoonotic hepatitis E disease is founded largely on hospital-based studies.

Methods

The epidemiology of hepatitis E was investigated in a community-based surveillance study conducted over one year in a rural city in eastern China with a registered population of 400,162.

Results

The seroprevalence of hepatitis E in the cohort was 38%. The incidence of hepatitis E was 2.8/10,000 person-years. Totally 93.5% of the infections were attributed to genotype 4 and the rest, to genotype 1. Hepatitis E accounted for 28.4% (102/359) of the acute hepatitis cases and 68.9% (102/148) of the acute viral hepatitis cases in this area of China. The disease occurred sporadically with a higher prevalence during the cold season and in men, with the male-to-female ratio of 3∶1. Additionally, the incidence of hepatitis E increased with age. Hepatitis B virus carriers have an increased risk of contracting hepatitis E than the general population (OR = 2.5, 95%CI 1.5–4.2). Pre-existing immunity to hepatitis E lowered the risk (relative risk  = 0.34, 95% CI 0.21–0.55) and reduced the severity of the disease.

Conclusions

Hepatitis E in the rural population of China is essentially that of a zoonosis due to the genotype 4 virus, the epidemiology of which is similar to that due to the other zoonotic genotype 3 virus.     

猪α干扰素重组腺病毒的构建及其抗口蹄疫病毒活性研究

本研究利用RT-PCR方法扩增猪α干扰素成熟蛋白基因后构建了重组腺病毒质粒pAd-poIFN-a,经PacI酶切后转染HEK-293A细胞,3次噬斑纯化后获得了重组腺病毒rAd-poIFN-α.该重组腺病毒于HEK-293A细胞连续传代至20代滴度稳定,为107 TCID50/mL.RT-PCR检测证明目的基因在mRNA水平上可有效表达;在PK-15细胞上可以检测到较强的抗猪口蹄疫病毒活性,从而为研究猪口蹄疫免疫防治新技术奠定了重要基础.     

广东省新发现一种危害水稻的入侵性瘿螨

最近两年一种新的入侵性瘿螨在中国广东省韶关市危害水稻。这种螨曾经在泰国北部被报道过,推测后来传入中国,目前在韶关严重危害水稻。这种螨被鉴定为具沟掌瘿螨Cheiracus sulcatus Keifer,并进行了重新描述和绘图,对危害症状进行了拍照和描述。文章还分析了其扩散风险性,并提出了控制传播的建议。     

浮游病毒的测定方法及其应用

浮游病毒是较新的研究领域。