Milbemectin resistance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> (Acari: Tetranychidae): selection,stability and cross-resistance to abamectin

Studies on artificial laboratory selections with milbemectin, stability of milbemectin resistance and possible cross-resistance with abamectin were carried out with Tetranychus urticae Koch to provide basic information for a milbemectin resistance management program. Selections for resistance and susceptibility to milbemectin were performed in a population of T. urticae, collected from a commercial chrysanthemum field in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. After six selections for resistance and five selections for susceptibility, susceptible (S) and resistant (R) strains of T. urticae to milbemectin were obtained. The resistance ratio (R/S) at the LC₅₀ reached 409-fold value. The stability of milbemectin resistance was also studied under laboratory conditions, using a population with initial frequency of 75% of resistant mites. The frequencies of milbemectin resistance were evaluated monthly for a period of 7 months. In order to observe possible correlation between milbemectin and abamectin resistance, the frequencies of abamectin resistance were also evaluated for that population, during the same period. The frequency of milbemectin resistance decreased from 75 to 14.5%, while the percentage of abamectin resistant mites decreased from 57 to 9.1%, in 7 months. The frequencies of milbemectin and abamectin resistance were also evaluated in 25 field populations of T. urticae, collected from several crops in the State of São Paulo. The frequencies of milbemectin resistance varied from 4.1 to 89.5%, and of abamectin, from 7.0 to 90.5%. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the frequencies of milbemectin and abamectin resistance, indicating positive cross-resistance between these acaricides. The results indicate that abamectin should be avoided for managing milbemectin resistance in T. urticae. This is the first report on milbemectin resistance in T. urticae in Brazil.     

Membrane lipids regulate ganglioside GM2 catabolism and GM2 activator protein activity

Ganglioside GM2 is the major lysosomal storage compound of Tay-Sachs disease. It also accumulates in Niemann-Pick disease types A and B with primary storage of SM and with cholesterol in type C. Reconstitution of GM2 catabolism with β-hexosaminidase A and GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) at uncharged liposomal surfaces carrying GM2 as substrate generated only a physiologically irrelevant catabolic rate, even at pH 4.2. However, incorporation of anionic phospholipids into the GM2 carrying liposomes stimulated GM2 hydrolysis more than 10-fold, while the incorporation of plasma membrane stabilizing lipids (SM and cholesterol) generated a strong inhibition of GM2 hydrolysis, even in the presence of anionic phospholipids. Mobilization of membrane lipids by GM2AP was also inhibited in the presence of cholesterol or SM, as revealed by surface plasmon resonance studies. These lipids also reduced the interliposomal transfer rate of 2-NBD-GM1 by GM2AP, as observed in assays using Förster resonance energy transfer. Our data raise major concerns about the usage of recombinant His-tagged GM2AP compared with untagged protein. The former binds more strongly to anionic GM2-carrying liposomal surfaces, increases GM2 hydrolysis, and accelerates intermembrane transfer of 2-NBD-GM1, but does not mobilize membrane lipids.     

Increase of histidine content in Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera by over-expression of histidine-rich fusion proteins

An approach that enables the increase of the quantity of a specific amino acid in crop plants is reported. Oleosin gene from Arabidopsis thaliana or 30K movement protein gene of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV; genus Tobamovirus) were cloned under the control of napin or hybrid promoters, and in fusion to synthetic poly-histidine (poly-His) sequences for transformation into spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera; synonym to B. campestris). The most stable expression cassettes for the poly-His production prior to the plant transformation were selected by analyzing the protein expression in in vitro translation and in transient plant expression systems using GFP as marker. Expression of the poly-His-constructs in transgenic Brassica rapa plants was analyzed using dot and western blotting and PCR. The constructs were stably expressed in the third generation of the transgenic plant lines. Histidine content was measured from the seeds of the transgenic plants, and some plant lines had more than 20% increase in histidine content compared to wild type. The methodology may be widely applicable to increase the content of any amino acid in crop plants including those encoded by rare codons.     

Urodynamic parameters and plasma LH/FSH in spayed Beagle bitches before and 8 weeks after GnRH depot analogue treatment

The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence due to spaying remains unknown. Incontinent bitches can be treated successfully with depot preparations of GnRH-analogues and there are differences in plasma gonadotropin levels between continent and incontinent spayed bitches. It is therefore assumed that the supraordinated hormones, GnRH, FSH, and/or LH, have an effect on the urodynamic parameters. In this study, the potential influence of these hormones on the lower urinary tract was investigated by measuring urethral pressure profiles and cystometry. Simultaneously, plasma concentrations in 10 spayed Beagle bitches were determined 5 weeks prior to and 8 weeks after treatment with the GnRH analogue leuprolide. Within 1 week of GnRH analogue administration, plasma FSH and LH levels decreased from 72.5 and 7.7 to 7.75 and 0.72ng/mL, respectively. These plasma gonadotropin levels correspond with those of intact bitches during anoestrus. Urethral pressure profiles indicated that the treatment had no significant effect on maximum urethral closure pressure, functional and total length of the urethra, or area of the closure pressure curve. The data obtained by cystometry regarding mean bladder threshold volume showed a significant increase from 109 to 172mL. The improvement in bladder function after the application of GnRH-application is presumably a direct effect of the GnRH as a relationship between the plasma gonadotropin levels and the urodynamic parameters could not demonstrated.     

Structural analysis of coxsackievirus A7 reveals conformational changes associated with uncoating

Coxsackievirus A7 (CAV7) is a rarely detected and poorly characterized serotype of the Enterovirus species Human enterovirus A (HEV-A) within the Picornaviridae family. The CAV7-USSR strain has caused polio-like epidemics and was originally thought to represent the fourth poliovirus type, but later evidence linked this strain to the CAV7-Parker prototype. Another isolate, CAV7-275/58, was also serologically similar to Parker but was noninfectious in a mouse model. Sequencing of the genomic region encoding the capsid proteins of the USSR and 275/58 strains and subsequent comparison with the corresponding amino acid sequences of the Parker strain revealed that the Parker and USSR strains are nearly identical, while the 275/58 strain is more distant. Using electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction, the structures of the CAV7-USSR virion and empty capsid were resolved to 8.2-Å and 6.1-Å resolutions, respectively. This is one of the first detailed structural analyses of the HEV-A species. Using homology modeling, reconstruction segmentation, and flexible fitting, we constructed a pseudoatomic T = 1 (pseudo T = 3) model incorporating the three major capsid proteins (VP1 to VP3), addressed the conformational changes of the capsid and its constituent viral proteins occurring during RNA release, and mapped the capsid proteins'' variable regions to the structure. During uncoating, VP4 and RNA are released analogously to poliovirus 1, the interfaces of VP2 and VP3 are rearranged, and VP1 rotates. Variable regions in the capsid proteins were predicted to map mainly to the surface of VP1 and are thus likely to affect the tropism and pathogenicity of CAV7.     

The association of recombination events in the founding and emergence of subgenogroup evolutionary lineages of human enterovirus 71

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for frequent large-scale outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease worldwide and represent a major etiological agent of severe, sometimes fatal neurological disease. EV71 variants have been classified into three genogroups (GgA, GgB, and GgC), and the latter two are further subdivided into subgenogroups B1 to B5 and C1 to C5. To investigate the dual roles of recombination and evolution in the epidemiology and transmission of EV71 worldwide, we performed a large-scale genetic analysis of isolates (n = 308) collected from 19 countries worldwide over a 40-year period. A series of recombination events occurred over this period, which have been identified through incongruities in sequence grouping between the VP1 and 3Dpol regions. Eleven 3Dpol clades were identified, each specific to EV71 and associated with specific subgenogroups but interspersed phylogenetically with clades of coxsackievirus A16 and other EV species A serotypes. The likelihood of recombination increased with VP1 sequence divergence; mean half-lives for EV71 recombinant forms (RFs) of 6 and 9 years for GgB and GgC overlapped with those observed for the EV-B serotypes, echovirus 9 (E9), E30, and E11, respectively (1.3 to 9.8 years). Furthermore, within genogroups, sporadic recombination events occurred, such as the linkage of two B4 variants to RF-W instead of RF-A and of two C4 variants to RF-H. Intriguingly, recombination events occurred as a founding event of most subgenogroups immediately preceding their lineage expansion and global emergence. The possibility that recombination contributed to their subsequent spread through improved fitness requires further biological and immunological characterization.     

Micro-Arrayed Human Embryonic Stem Cells-Derived Cardiomyocytes for In Vitro Functional Assay

Introduction

The heart is one of the least regenerative organs in the body and any major insult can result in a significant loss of heart cells. The development of an in vitro-based cardiac tissue could be of paramount importance for many aspects of the cardiology research. In this context, we developed an in vitro assay based on human cardiomyocytes (hCMs) and ad hoc micro-technologies, suitable for several applications: from pharmacological analysis to physio-phatological studies on transplantable hCMs. We focused on the development of an assay able to analyze not only hCMs viability, but also their functionality.

Methods

hCMs were cultured onto a poly-acrylamide hydrogel with tunable tissue-like mechanical properties and organized through micropatterning in a 20×20 array. Arrayed hCMs were characterized by immunofluorescence, GAP-FRAP analyses and live and dead assay. Their functionality was evaluated monitoring the excitation-contraction coupling.

Results

Micropatterned hCMs maintained the expression of the major cardiac markers (cTnT, cTnI, Cx43, Nkx2.5, α-actinin) and functional properties. The spontaneous contraction frequency was (0.83±0.2) Hz, while exogenous electrical stimulation lead to an increase up to 2 Hz. As proof of concept that our device can be used for screening the effects of pathological conditions, hCMs were exposed to increasing levels of H₂O₂. Remarkably, hCMs viability was not compromised with exposure to 0.1 mM H₂O₂, but hCMs contractility was dramatically suppressed. As proof of concept, we also developed a microfluidic platform to selectively treat areas of the cell array, in the perspective of performing multi-parametric assay.

Conclusions

Such system could be a useful tool for testing the effects of multiple conditions on an in vitro cell model representative of human heart physiology, thus potentially helping the processes of therapy and drug development.