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101.
102.
Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
T. MutandaD. Ramesh S. KarthikeyanS. Kumari A. AnandrajF. Bux 《Bioresource technology》2011,102(1):57-70
Global petroleum reserves are shrinking at a fast pace, increasing the demand for alternate fuels. Microalgae have the ability to grow rapidly, and synthesize and accumulate large amounts (approximately 20-50% of dry weight) of neutral lipid stored in cytosolic lipid bodies. A successful and economically viable algae based biofuel industry mainly depends on the selection of appropriate algal strains. The main focus of bioprospecting for microalgae is to identify unique high lipid producing microalgae from different habitats. Indigenous species of microalgae with high lipid yields are especially valuable in the biofuel industry. Isolation, purification and identification of natural microalgal assemblages using conventional techniques is generally time consuming. However, the recent use of micromanipulation as a rapid isolating tool allows for a higher screening throughput. The appropriate media and growth conditions are also important for successful microalgal proliferation. Environmental parameters recorded at the sampling site are necessary to optimize in vitro growth. Identification of species generally requires a combination of morphological and genetic characterization. The selected microalgal strains are grown in upscale systems such as raceway ponds or photobireactors for biomass and lipid production. This paper reviews the recent methodologies adopted for site selection, sampling, strain selection and identification, optimization of cultural conditions for superior lipid yield for biofuel production. Energy generation routes of microalgal lipids and biomass are discussed in detail. 相似文献
103.
Stability and unfolding of mammalian and microbial α-amylases have been intensively investigated. However, there is only limited information available on the structural stability of plant α-amylases, namely of the two isoenzymes from barley AMY1 and AMY2, of the α-amylase from mung bean (Vigna radiata), and of the α-amylase from malted sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). We report here the stability of soyabean α-amylase (GMA), against elevated temperatures and chemical denaturants (GndHCl) by employing circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Since it is well-known that calcium ions play a crucial role for enzymatic activity and stability of a-amylases, we performed our studies with calcium bound and calcium free GMA. The thermal unfolding transition temperature decreased from 72°C for calcium saturated samples to 57°C for the case of calcium depleted GMA. Similarly, the GndHCl transition concentration was lowered from 0.70 M for calcium bound GMA to 0.41 M in the absence of calcium. Thermal unfolding of GMA irreversible due to aggregation of the unfolded state. GMA unfolded in 6 M GndHCl shows high degree of reversibility after diluting the unfolded enzyme in native buffer containing 7 M glycerol. Furthermore, the refolded enzyme showed 93% of activity. 相似文献
104.
Over two billion people, depending largely on staple foods, suffer from deficiencies in protein and some micronutrients such as iron and zinc. Among various approaches to overcome protein and micronutrient deficiencies, biofortification through a combination of conventional and molecular breeding methods is the most feasible, cheapest, and sustainable approach. An interspecific cross was made between the wheat cultivar 'Chinese Spring' and Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. accession 396, which has a threefold higher grain iron and zinc concentrations and about 33% higher protein concentration than wheat cultivars. Recurrent backcrossing and selection for the micronutrient content was performed at each generation. Thirteen derivatives with high grain iron and zinc concentrations and contents, ash and ash micronutrients, and protein were analyzed for alien introgression. Morphological markers, high molecular weight glutenin subunit profiles, anchored wheat microsatellite markers, and GISH showed that addition and substitution of homoeologous groups 1, 2, and 7 chromosomes of Ae. kotschyi possess gene(s) for high grain micronutrients. The addition of 1U/1S had high molecular weight glutenin subunits with higher molecular weight than those of wheat, and the addition of 2S in most of the derivatives also enhanced grain protein content by over 20%. Low grain protein content in a derivative with a 2S-wheat translocation, waxy leaves, and absence of the gdm148 marker strongly suggests that the gene for higher grain protein content on chromosome 2S is orthologous to the grain protein QTL on the short arm of group 2 chromosomes. 相似文献
105.
106.
Ravindra Pal Singh Vishal Gupta Puja Kumari Manoj Kumar C. R. K. Reddy Kamalesh Prasad Bhavanath Jha 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(4):755-762
The extracellular enzyme alginate lyase produced from marine fungus Aspergillus oryzae isolated from brown alga Dictyota dichotoma was purified, partially characterized, and evaluated for its sodium alginate depolymerization abilities. The enzyme characterization
studies have revealed that alginate lyase consisted of two polypeptides with about 45 and 50 kDa each on 10% sodium dodecyl
sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and showed 140-fold higher activity than crude enzyme under optimized pH (6.5)
and temperature (35°C) conditions. Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Co2+ and NaCl were found to enhance the enzyme activity while (Ca2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Sr2+, Ni2+), glutathione, and metal chelators (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid) suppressed the
activity. Fourier transform infrared and thin-layer chromatography analysis of depolymerized sodium alginate indicated the
enzyme specificity for cleaving at the β-1,4 glycosidic bond between polyM and polyG blocks of sodium alginate and therefore
resulted in estimation of relatively higher polyM content than polyG. Comparison of chemical shifts in 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of both polyM and polyG from that of sodium alginate also showed further evidence for
enzymatic depolymerization of sodium alginate. 相似文献
107.
Singh P Verma P Verma P Yadav B Komath SS 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2011,21(11):3367-3372
Search for new antimicrobial agents led to the synthesis of series of N-1, C-3 and C-5 substituted bis-indoles. Their evaluation for antifungal and antibacterial activities resulted in the optimization of pyrrolidine/morpholine/N-benzyl moiety at the C-3 end and propane/butane/xylidine groups as linkers between two indoles for significant inhibition of microbial growth. Preliminary investigations have identified three highly potent antimicrobial agents. Dockings of these molecules in the active sites of lanosterol demethylase, dihydrofolate reductase and topoisomerase II indicate their strong interactions with these enzymes. 相似文献
108.
109.
K. M. Bhaskara Reddy Dokka Mallikarjunasarma Kamana Bulliraju Vanjivaka Sreelatha Y. Bharathi Kumari Ramesh Dandala Kuppanna Ananda 《International journal of peptide research and therapeutics》2011,17(2):113-121
Abstract
An efficient stepwise synthesis of homo-oligomers and mixed oligomers of gabapentin and pregabalin on solid support using Fmoc-protected derivatives and HBTU/HOBt/DIEA as coupling agent is described. The synthesis was also carried out using solution phase methodology. The Gpn/Pgn homo oligomers and mixed oligomers forms C9 helix in solution as determined by NMR study. Chiral as well as achiral gamma amino acids were used for the synthesis of oligomers in order to investigate the secondary structural preferences. 相似文献110.