CD40 ligand-activated human monocytes amplify glomerular inflammatory responses through soluble and cell-to-cell contact-dependent mechanisms.

Monocytes/macrophages play a critical role in the initiation and progression of a variety of glomerulonephritides. We sought to define the interactions between physiologically activated human monocytes and glomerular mesangial cells (MC) by employing a cell culture system that permits the accurate assessment of the contribution of soluble factors and cell-to-cell contact. Human peripheral blood monocytes, primed with IFN-gamma and GM-CSF, were activated with CD40 ligand (CD40L) or TNF-alpha and cocultured with MC. CD40L-activated monocytes induced higher levels of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and ICAM-1 synthesis by MC. Separation of CD40L-activated monocytes from MC by a porous membrane decreased the mesangial synthesis of IL-6 by 80% and ICAM-1 by 45%, but had no effect on MCP-1. Neutralizing Abs against the beta 2 integrins, LFA-1 and Mac-1, decreased IL-6 production by 40 and 50%, respectively. Ligation of mesangial surface ICAM-1 directly enhanced IL-6, but not MCP-1, production. Simultaneous neutralization of soluble TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta decreased MCP-1 production by 55% in membrane-separated cocultures of MC/CD40L-activated monocytes. Paraformaldehyde-fixed CD40L-activated monocytes (to preserve membrane integrity but prevent secretory activity), cocultured with MC at various ratios, induced IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 synthesis by MC. Plasma membrane preparations from activated monocytes also induced mesangial IL-6 and MCP-1 synthesis. The addition of plasma membrane enhanced TNF-alpha-induced mesangial IL-6 production by approximately 4-fold. Together, these data suggest that the CD40/CD40L is essential for optimal effector function of monocytes, that CD40L-activated monocytes stimulate MC through both soluble factors and cell-to-cell contact mediated pathways, and that both pathways are essential for maximum stimulation of MC.     

Chemical, physicochemical and spectrophotometric properties of crystalline chlorophyll-protein complexes from Lepidium virginicum L

Two kinds of water-soluble chlorophyll-protein complexes were prepared from leaves of Lepidium virginicum L., one (CP661) from the plant cultivated in a green house from seeds collected near Mono Lake, CA, and the other (CP-663) from a plant collected at Narashino, Chiba, Japan, by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-200. The chlorophyll . proteins were further purified by crystallization. CP661 has absorption peaks at 661, 468, 439, 419, 380, 339 and 272 nm. CP663 had absorption peaks at 663, 469, 438, 419, 379, 338 and 272 nm. Estimated molecular weights were 78 000 for CP661 and 80 000 for CP663 by gel filtration chromatography and 83 000 for CP661 and 107 000 for CP663 by an equilibrium sedimentation method. 1 mol chlorophyll . protein contained 4 mol chlorophyll a and b with ratios of 1.0 in CP661 and 1.6 to 1.9 in CP663, but no carotenoids. These characters are different from those of chlorophyll-protein complexes which are prepared from the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts with detergents.     

An automated technique for monitoring carbon dioxide respired by insects*

ABSTRACT. A non-dispersive infrared gas analyser equipped with a Luft-type sonic detector and flow-through reference cell was automated to monitor the total volume of carbon dioxide (CO₂) respired by single insects or groups of insects. The infrared analyser was interfaced with an integrator for quantification, a microprocessor to control intermittent air flow through the insect respiration chambers, and a microcomputer for data storage and reduction. This technique has been used to monitor the CO₂ Output of diapausing and non-diapausing mature fifth instar larvae and of developing pupae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The resulting data were accurate, quantitative and reproducible.     

Effects of cholinergic drugs on longitudinal muscle contractions of Fasciola hepatica

Acetylcholine, cholinergic agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors significantly decrease the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous longitudinal muscle contractions in Fasciola hepatica. In order of their effects on the inhibition of muscle contractions, the cholinergic agonists can be ranked as nicotine greater than carbachol greater than acetylcholine. High calcium ion concentration also causes a significant inhibition of contractions. Atropine, a cholinergic antagonist that acts on muscarinic receptors, significantly increases the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions and completely reverses the effects of cholinomimetic drugs, including nicotine. In adult F. hepatica, the levels of acetylcholine and its precursor choline are 3.14 +/- 0.55 and 13.75 +/- 3.72 pmol/mg wet weight, respectively. The activities of choline acetyltransferase, specific acetylcholinesterase and the nonspecific cholinesterase are 1.25 +/- 0.19, 238.0 +/- 13.0, and 83.0 +/- 33.0 nmol/hr/mg protein, respectively.     

An adaptor strategy to subclone entire cDNA libraries as single insert recombinants

The current methods for subcloning entire cDNA libraries usually result in a significant portion of recombinants containing multiple inserts, since in most instances the inserts derived from the library to be subcloned are released as a bulk of self-ligatable DNA fragments. By use of an adaptor strategy, a method is presented to confer noncompatible ends to primarily self-ligatable inserts, resulting in efficient subcloning of entire libraries as single insert recombinants.     

Phenotypic expression in Escherichia coli and nucleotide sequence of two Chinese hamster lung cell cDNAs encoding different dihydrofolate reductases.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of two cDNA clones, one shown to direct the synthesis in Escherichia coli of the pI 6.7 form of the 20,000-molecular-weight class of Chinese hamster lung cell dihydrofolate reductase, and the other shown to direct the synthesis of the pI 6.5 form of the 21,000-molecular-weight class of the enzyme, has revealed the following: (i) the differences in physical and enzymatic properties displayed by these two proteins are due to two variations in their respective amino acid sequences with the conversion of Leu to Phe at position 22 probably responsible for the differential sensitivity of these two enzymes to methotrexate and methasquin; (ii) the multiple mRNAs responsible for the synthesis of each of these proteins differ in size due, at least in part, to a length heterogeneity at their 3' ends; (iii) these two proteins are encoded by different genes; and (iv) the sequence AAATATA appears to be a major polyadenylation signal in one Chinese hamster lung cell dihydrofolate reductase gene and a minor signal in another.     

Formation sites and distribution of osteoclast progenitor cells during the ontogeny of the mouse

The presence of osteoclast progenitor cells in embryonic, fetal, young growing, and adult murine tissues and organs was investigated in a coculture system with fetal metatarsal bones stripped of periosteum and not yet invaded by osteoclasts. Osteoclasts were found to originate from the early yolk sac and from every tissue tested in the fetus and young mouse. In the adult mouse they were formed only from tissues with a large mononuclear phagocyte population. No osteoclasts could be generated from the young embryo proper, prior to establishment of the vascular connection with the yolk sac. Progenitors of osteoclasts or their stem cells therefore do not develop from undifferentiated mesenchyme outside the yolk sac, but are distributed from the yolk sac to embryonic tissues and hematopoietic organs through the vascular circulation. The embryonic distribution of osteoclast progenitors coincides with the distribution of immature macrophages. Furthermore, they are present before the formation of monocytes in the fetus. The results also indicate that osteoclast precursor cells are not identical with mature, differentiated macrophages, but are cells with little capacity to phagocytose and therefore are, at the most immature progenitors of macrophages or cells of an early diverging lineage. In view of these results the derivation of osteoclasts is discussed.     

Regulation of protein synthesis in mitotic HeLa cells.

Mitotic HeLa cells (M cells) synthesize protein at about 25% of the rate of S phase cells. This decrease in protein synthesis is due to a reduction in the rate of initiation. However, extracts prepared from M cells are almost as active in protein synthesis as S cell extracts. Both cell extracts are quite active in in vitro initiation of protein synthesis. Moreover, two steps in initiation, binding of Met-tRNAf to 40S ribosomal subunits and binding of mRNA to ribosomes, show similar activity in both extracts. The difference in protein synthesizing activity observed in vivo is largely eliminated in the preparation of cell-free systems. The ribosomes of M cells contain small mol wt RNA, which inhibits protein synthesis in vitro. This RNA, which has possibly a nuclear origin, may be a cause of the reduction in the rate of protein synthesis in M cells.