Plasmodium falciparum: elicitation by peptides and recombinant circumsporozoite proteins of circulating mouse antibodies inhibiting sporozoite invasion of hepatoma cells

The immunodominant epitope region of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites contains 37 tandem repeats of the tetrapeptide Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro and 4 repeats of Asn-Val-Asp-Pro. Synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins of the repeat region were used to immunize mice using different doses and adjuvants. Antisera were tested for inhibition of sporozoite invasion of cultured human hepatoma cells. Synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins elicited high levels of antibodies that inhibited sporozoite invasion when emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. Since recombinant proteins with alum elicited a better antibody response to sporozoite invasion than they did without adjuvant, it may be that a recombinant protein containing 32 tandem copies of the tetrapeptide repeat combined with alum could be a candidate malarial vaccine suitable for human trials.     

Plasmodium falciparum: sporozoite boosting of immunity due to a T-cell epitope on a sporozoite vaccine

Plasmodium falciparum: Sporozoite boosting of immunity due to a T-cell epitope on a sporozoite vaccine. Experimental Parasitology 64, 64-70. The impact of a malaria sporozoite vaccine may be enhanced if protective immunity elicited by the vaccine is boosted by natural exposure to sporozoites. For this to occur, a helper T lymphocyte epitope present on the vaccine must be shared by sporozoites. These studies show that T cells from mice immunized with R32tet32, the Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine candidate, recognize an epitope of less than or equal to 7 amino acids derived from the circumsporozoite protein repeat region of R32tet32, as well as an epitope on the tet32 fusion protein tail of R32tet32. Exposure of R32tet32 immunized animals to P. falciparum sporozoites elicits a significant secondary antibody response which suggests that humans who are immunized and respond to this vaccine may be boosted by field exposure to sporozoite infected mosquitoes.     

Vasomotor control: functional hyperemia and beyond

Historically, functional hyperemia has been viewed largely as an interaction between a parenchymal cell and its associated microvasculature. Locally released metabolites have been thought to produce relaxation of the smooth muscle and a vasodilation that increases blood flow in proportion to metabolic need. This symposium report presents evidence from a variety of disciplines and a number of different types of biological preparations that demonstrates that functional hyperemia is a complex process involving several classes of microvessels including capillaries, arterioles, and small arteries. These vessels do not function independently but are coordinated by a complex set of interrelations involving at least three different modes of interaction between parenchymal cells and the various segments of the vascular bed. These are local metabolic effects, propagated effects extending over long segments of the vasculature, and flow-dependent vasodilation induced by local changes in blood flow. In addition to these acute responses to metabolic demand it appears that tissues may be capable of more long-term structural alterations of the arterial and arteriolar network in response to sustained changes in the relationship between supply and demand. The vascular bed appears to be able to adapt either by increasing the maximal anatomic diameter of the large arteries or by inserting new arterioles into the parenchyma. Thus, classical functional hyperemia appears to be but one manifestation of a multifaceted process leading to highly coordinated responses of many vascular elements, resulting finally in vascular patterns that are optimized to meet parenchymal cell demands.     

Post-translational processing of the porcine gastrin precursor by phosphorylation of the COOH-terminal fragment

The gene sequence encoding porcine preprogastrin is known; in order to clarify pathways of post-translational processing of the predicted precursor peptide we have characterized material reacting with antibodies to a synthetic peptide corresponding to the expected extreme COOH-terminal portion of the precursor. Radioimmunoassay was used to identify and monitor the purification of peptides in porcine antral mucosa. Two peptides (I and II) were isolated to homogeneity by steps involving gel filtration, ion exchange, and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The two co-eluted on gel filtration but were separated on anion-exchange chromatography. The more acidic peptide (II) was less hydrophobic on high performance liquid chromatography. Automated gas-phase microsequencing revealed the less acidic peptide (I) to have the sequence of porcine preprogastrin 96-104 (SAEEGDQRP); it would be produced by tryptic-like cleavage of Arg95-Ser96. The second peptide did not yield a phenylthiohydantoin-derivative on the first cycle but thereafter it sequenced as the first peptide (i.e. -AEEGDQRP). Incubation in alkali liberated almost equimolar amounts of phosphate from peptide II but not from I. In addition, alkaline phosphatase liberated phosphate and converted the acidic peptide to the less acidic one. The results suggest that serine in the first position is phosphorylated in peptide II but not I. The tripeptide -Ser(P)-Ala-Glu- also occurs in adrenocorticotropic hormone; this tripeptide is a substrate for physiological casein kinase. Potential phosphorylation sites occur at comparable positions in the precursors of a number of regulatory peptides.     

Osteoblasts synthesize and respond to transforming growth factor-type beta (TGF-beta) in vitro

Transforming growth factor-type beta (TGF-beta) has been identified as a constituent of bone matrix (Seyedin, S. M., A. Y. Thompson, H. Bentz, D. M. Rosen, J. M. McPherson, A. Conti, N. R. Siegel, G. R. Gallupi, and K. A. Piez, 1986, J. Biol. Chem. 261:5693-5695). We used both developing bone and bone-forming cells in vitro to demonstrate the cellular origin of this peptide. TGF-beta mRNA was detected by Northern analysis in both developing bone tissue and fetal bovine bone-forming cells using human cDNA probes. TGF-beta was shown to be synthesized and secreted by metabolically labeled bone cell cultures by immunoprecipitation from the medium. Further, TGF-beta activity was demonstrated in conditioned media from these cultures by competitive radioreceptor and growth promotion assays. Fetal bovine bone cells (FBBC) were found to have relatively few TGF-beta receptors (5,800/cell) with an extremely low Kd of 2.2 pM (high binding affinity). In contrast to its inhibitory effects on the growth of many cell types including osteosarcoma cell lines, TGF-beta stimulated the growth of subconfluent cultures of FBBC; it had little effect on the production of collagen by these cells. We conclude that bone-forming cells are a source for the TGF-beta that is found in bone, and that these cells may be modulated by this factor in an autocrine fashion.     

Identification of cellular mechanisms operational in vivo during the regression of established pulmonary metastases by the systemic administration of high-dose recombinant interleukin 2

The systemic administration of high-dose recombinant IL 2 mediated significant reductions of established 3-day pulmonary micrometastases from both weakly immunogenic and nonimmunogenic sarcomas. However, when treatment with IL 2 was delayed for 10 days after the injection of tumor cells in an attempt to treat grossly visible pulmonary macrometastases, only those established from weakly immunogenic sarcomas remained susceptible. Established 10-day pulmonary nodules from the nonimmunogenic sarcomas became refractory to IL 2 therapy. We utilized selective depletion of lymphocyte subsets in vivo by the systemic administration of specific monoclonal antibodies to cells bearing either the L3T4 or Lyt-2 marker or a heteroantiserum to cells bearing the ASGM-1 glycosphingolipid to identify lymphocytes involved in IL 2-induced tumor regression. Cells with potent lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity against fresh tumor targets in vitro were identified in the lungs of IL 2-treated mice. By flow cytometry analysis, the majority of these effector cells were Thy-1+, L3T4-, Lyt-2-, ASGM-1+. Depletion in vivo of ASGM-1+ cells before the onset of IL 2 administration eliminated the successful therapy of 3-day pulmonary metastases from nonimmunogenic sarcomas, with concurrent elimination of LAK cell activity in the lungs. In mice with 3-day pulmonary metastases from weakly immunogenic sarcomas, both Lyt-2+ cells and ASGM-1+ cells were involved in IL 2-mediated tumor regression, but Lyt-2+ cells appeared to be the more potent mediator in the response. Lyt-2+ cells were also involved in the elimination of grossly visible 10-day macrometastases from these weakly immunogenic tumors. Depletion of L3T4+ cells had no effect on tumor regression. Thus, although LAK effectors derived from ASGM-1+ precursors can eliminate pulmonary micrometastases regardless of tumor immunogenicity, Lyt-2+ cells are predominant effectors in the elimination of both pulmonary micro- and macrometastases from weakly immunogenic sarcomas.     

Extracellular acid and alkaline proteases from Candida olea

Candida olea 148 secreted a single acid protease when cultured at acidic pH. In unbuffered medium, the culture pH eventually became alkaline and a single alkaline protease was produced. This was the only proteolytic enzyme produced when the organism was grown in buffered medium at alkaline pH. Both proteolytic enzymes were purified to homogeneity (as assessed by SDS-PAGE). The Mr of the acid protease was 30900, the isoelectric point 4.5; optimum activity against haemoglobin was at 42 degrees C and pH 3.3. This enzyme was inactivated at temperatures above 46 degrees C and was inhibited by either pepstatin and diazoacetyl-norleucine methyl ester but was insensitive to inhibition by either 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)-propane or compounds known to inhibit serine, thiol or metallo proteases. The acid protease contained 11% carbohydrate. The alkaline protease had an Mr of 23400 and isoelectric point of 5.4. The activity of this enzyme using azocoll as substrate above 42 degrees C and was inhibited by phenylmethyl-sulphonyl fluoride and irreversible inactivated by EDTA. The enzyme was also partially inhibited by DTT but was insensitive to either pepstatin or p-chloromercuribenzoic acid.     

In vivo priming of helper and suppressor T cells by alloantigens. Frequency analysis with the use of an in vitro limiting dilution assay

Earlier studies have demonstrated that T cells activated in mixed lymphocyte reactions can exert positive as well as negative allogeneic effects on B cells expressing the appropriate alloantigens on their surface. We investigated the effect of in vivo priming of T cells with alloantigens on their capacity to help or suppress allogeneic B cell cultures against sheep erythrocytes. We used immunization protocols that have been shown to be optimal for induction of alloantigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and alloantigen-specific suppressor T (Ts) cells for DTH. The results show that in vivo stimulation with alloantigens, depending on the immunization route and the lymphoid organ studied, can be as effective as in vitro stimulation in increasing the frequency of alloantigen-specific helper T (Th) cells and Ts cells. Subcutaneous immunization induced a 10-fold frequency raise of Th cells as well as of Ts cells in the lymph nodes. In the spleen the Th cell population was hardly affected by s.c. immunization, whereas the Ts cell population increased by at least a factor 20. Intravenous immunization, on the other hand, selectively expanded the Th cell population in the spleen, whereas the splenic Ts cell population and the Th and Ts cells in the lymph nodes were not affected. Comparison of these results with our previous data concerning characteristics and the requirements of in vivo activation of alloantigen-specific DTH reactive T cells and of alloantigen-specific Ts cells suggest that different Ts cell populations are involved in suppression of alloantigen-specific DTH in vivo and of allogeneic suppression of in vitro induced sheep erythrocytes specific antibody formation.     

Inactivation of the proteolytic activity of mouse nerve growth factor by human C1(activated)-inhibitor

The interaction between the serine protease gamma subunit of NGF (gamma-NGF) and human C1(activated)-inhibitor (C1-Inh) has been studied. C1-Inh inactivates the protease activity of gamma-NGF as measured by its ability to cleave the synthetic substrate benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (L-BAPNA). Experiments in which gamma-NGF and C1-Inh were mixed at differing molar ratios indicated that inhibition was due to the formation of a 1:1 stoichiometric complex. Analysis of the interaction of 125I-labeled gamma-NGF with C1-Inh by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography indicated that a covalent bond was formed between gamma-NGF and C1-Inh. The covalent bond was hydrolyzed by hydroxylamine, which suggested that the two proteins were linked via an acyl linkage. The formation of this complex was time dependent and required the proteolytic activity of the gamma-NGF.