Glucose‐ and mannose‐induced stomatal closure is mediated by ROS production,Ca2+ and water channel in Vicia faba

Sugars act as vital signaling molecules that regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. However, the effects of sugars on stomatal movement have been unclear. In our study, we explored the effects of monosaccharides such as glucose and mannose on stomatal aperture. Here, we demonstrate that glucose and mannose trigger stomatal closure in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in epidermal peels of broad bean (Vicia faba). Pharmacological studies revealed that glucose‐ and mannose‐induced stomatal closure was almost completely inhibited by two reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH), was significantly abolished by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI), whereas they were hardly affected by a peroxidase inhibitor, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Furthermore, glucose‐ and mannose‐induced stomatal closure was strongly inhibited by a Ca²⁺ channel blocker, LaCl₃, a Ca²⁺ chelator, ethyleneglycol‐bis(beta‐aminoethylether)‐N,N'‐tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and two water channel blockers, HgCl₂ and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); whereas the inhibitory effects of the water channel blockers were essentially abolished by the reversing agent β‐mercaptoethanol (β‐ME). These results suggest that ROS production mainly via NADPH oxidases, Ca²⁺ and water channels are involved in glucose‐ and mannose‐induced stomatal closure.     

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a new wheat-rye 1BL•1RS translocation line expressing superior stripe rust resistance and enhanced grain yield

Main conclusion

A new wheat-rye 1BL?1RS translocation line, with the characteristics of superior stripe rust resistance and high thousand-kernel weight and grain number per spike, was developed and identified from progenies of wheat-rye- Psathyrostachys huashanica trigeneric hybrids.

Abstract

The wheat-rye 1BL?1RS translocation line from Petkus rye has contributed substantially to the world wheat production. However, due to extensive growing of cultivars with disease resistance genes from short arm of rye chromosome 1R and coevolution of pathogen virulence and host resistance, these cultivars successively lost resistance to pathogens. In this study, a new wheat-rye line K13-868, derived from the progenies of wheat-rye-Psathyrostachys huashanica trigeneric hybrids, was identified and analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE), and molecular markers. Cytological studies indicated that the mean chromosome configuration of K13-868 at meiosis was 2n = 42 = 0.14 I + 18.78 II (ring) + 2.15 II (rod). Sequential FISH and GISH results demonstrated that K13-868 was a compensating wheat-rye 1BL?1RS Robertsonian translocation line. Acid PAGE analysis revealed that clear specific bands of rye 1RS were expressed in K13-868. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and rye 1RS-specific markers ω-sec-p1/ω-sec-p2 and O-SEC5′-A/O-SEC3′-R suggested that the 1BS arm of wheat had been substituted by the 1RS arm of rye. At the seedling and adult growth stage, compared with its recurrent wheat parent SM51 and six other wheat cultivars containing the 1RS arm in southwestern China, K13-868 showed high levels of resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) pathogens prevalent in China, which are virulent to Yr10 and Yr24/Yr26. In addition, K13-868 expresses higher thousand-kernel weight and more grain number per spike than these controls in two growing seasons, suggesting that this line may carry yield-related genes of rye. This translocation line, with significant characteristics of resistance to stripe rust and high thousand-kernel weight and grain number per spike, could be utilized as a valuable germplasm for wheat improvement.

     

Length–weight relationships for three fish species from the Yalong River,southwestern China

Length–weight relationships were determined for three fish species: Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus (Herzenstein, 1892), Discogobio yunnanensis (Regan, 1907), and Triplophysa pseudostenura (He, Zhang & Song, 2012). Samples were collected from the Yalong River, southwestern China using fishing gear (gillnets, 30 × 15 m, mesh‐size 5 mm) and electroshock fishing (CWB‐2000 P, 12 V, 250 HZ) in June 2007. Prior to this study, length–weight relationships for these three species were unknown. For two of the species [Discogobio yunnanensis (Regan, 1907) and Triplophysa pseudostenura (He, Zhang & Song, 2012)], new maximum standard lengths not yet reported in the scientific literature were noted.     

30年泰山繁殖鸟类种类变化

泰山位于山东省中部,是华北中东部地区海拔最高的山脉,地形多样,生境复杂,是鸟类重要的繁殖地和迁徙停歇地。根据1984~1988年和2013~2015年两个时期野外调查及访谈调查结果,比较了近30年泰山繁殖鸟类种类的组成变化。相比20世纪80年代记录的繁殖鸟类13目35科72种,2013~2015年的调查记录到繁殖鸟类11目34科84种,与30年前相比净增长12种繁殖鸟类,其中新增繁殖鸟类记录32种,消失鸟类记录20种。新增种类主要是林地和灌丛鸟类,多为东洋种,消失的种类主要是湿地和农田草地鸟类,多为古北种和广布种。鸟类新增和消失的原因多样,但主要是栖息地面积和质量的改变,同时私自放生也是一个重要原因。本研究结果可丰富泰山地区随时间尺度变化的鸟类本底数据,并为泰山鸟类的保护提供科学依据。     

贵州省首次发现合江棘蛙

2010年7和8月,采用样带法于贵州省习水国家级自然保护区进行两栖动物资源调查,在三叉河片区(28°30′43.67″N,106°25′03.72″E,海拔1 087 m)采集到25只形态相似的两栖动物标本,经过鉴定,该标本为无尾目(Anura)叉舌蛙科(Dicroglossidae)棘胸蛙属(Quasipaa)的合江棘蛙(Q.robertingeri),系贵州省两栖动物新纪录。标本现保存于贵阳学院生态研究中心标本室。     

内质网压力响应相关的蛋白质降解

内质网相关蛋白质降解途径(ERAD),即蛋白质分泌过程中错误折叠或未折叠的蛋白质在内质网中被识别并逆向运输到细胞质经聚泛素化后由蛋白酶体降解的过程.自从发现该途径后对其机制的阐明一直处于不断探索的阶段.近年来,对ERAD底物识别、逆向运输和泛素化新组分的发现以及新技术的应用,使得该途径的具体分子机制更加清晰.本文全面梳理并综述了内质网应激响应、ERAD降解过程与机理的最新进展,并对模式蛋白底物和最新研究方法进行了总结,以期展示该领域的研究概况.     

籼粳稻杂交衍生RIL系的苗期抗旱性评价

为鉴定籼粳稻杂交衍生系的苗期抗旱性,以课题组自育的高代抗逆品系ZD15为母本、籼稻品种IR29为父本,以及杂交衍生的重组自交系群体120份为试验材料,利用PEG-6000对各材料苗期进行干旱胁迫处理,测定根长、根冠比、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、地上部干重和地下部干重;利用PEG-6000对各材料芽期进行干旱胁迫处理,测定芽鞘长和芽长。采用主成分分析和隶属函数法对各材料的抗旱性进行综合评价,根据综合抗旱D值可将122份材料分成3类,D值在0.201～0.400之间的有33份,属于不抗旱材料;D值在0.401～0.600之间的有79份,属于中等抗旱材料;D值在0.601～0.800之间的有10份,属于抗旱材料。利用D值进行逐步回归分析,结果表明根长、根冠比、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、地上部干重、地下部干重、芽鞘长和芽长8个性状均可作为水稻苗期抗旱性的评价指标。本研究筛选出的抗旱材料,可作为育种中间材料进一步培育,或作为育种资源加以利用,以丰富本区水稻育种的资源库。