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该实验以烟草悬浮细胞 BY 2 为材料,在烟草悬浮细胞中分别加入0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 mmol·L-1AlCl3,以等体积去离子水处理的悬浮细胞液为对照,并依据前述实验结果选择0.15 mmol·L-1 AlCl3,分别添加5 mmol·L-1 DMTU(H2O2 抑制剂)、20 μmol·L-1CaCl2、15 μmol·L-1 LaCl3(Ca2+通道抑制剂)和50 μmol·L-1 ATP设计多项处理,分析胞外ATP(eATP)对铝离子(Al3+)胁迫引起的植物细胞死亡及其胞内H2O2、Ca2+的影响,以揭示Al3+胁迫下植物调节细胞死亡的可能机制,进一步扩展对eATP功能的认知。结果显示:(1)随着 AlCl3 胁迫浓度的提高,细胞死亡水平和胞内H2O2水平上升,而胞内Ca2+和eATP水平则逐渐降低。(2)外援施加H2O2抑制剂 DMTU(二甲基硫脲)和Ca2+能够有效缓解AlCl3诱导的细胞死亡水平的上升;而Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3(三氯化镧)则加剧了AlCl3胁迫下的细胞死亡。(3)在AlCl3胁迫下对细胞添加外源ATP,能够缓解AlCl3胁迫下胞内H2O2水平上升和Ca2+水平下降的同时,并显著降低AlCl3胁迫导致的细胞死亡。研究表明, Al3+以剂量依赖的模式提升细胞死亡和细胞内H2O2的水平并降低胞内Ca2+和eATP水平,AlCl3诱导的细胞死亡受到H2O2和Ca2+水平变化的调节,eATP可以通过调节H2O2与Ca2+水平缓解AlCl3诱导的细胞死亡。推测Al3+胁迫可能通过抑制钙离子通道而破坏了细胞内H2O2和Ca2+之间的协同关系,外源ATP对Al3+诱导H2O2上升的缓解作用可能是由于其提升了细胞的抗氧化能力。 相似文献
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Calle PP Seagars DJ McClave C Senne D House C House JA 《Journal of wildlife diseases》2002,38(1):93-100
Serum or heparinized plasma samples were obtained between 1994 and 1996 from 20 male and 20 female adult free-ranging Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) from St. Lawrence Island and Round Island, Alaska. Samples were screened for antibodies to some potentially pathogenic bacteria and viruses. No sample had detectable antibody to Brucella spp. Three of 40 (8%) had low antibody titers to Leptospira interrogans serovars. Phocine distemper virus antibodies were not detected. Serologic responses to one or more caliciviruses (San Miguel sea lion virus 12 or vesicular exanthema of swine serotypes E54, F55, G55, 1934B) were detected in 18% (seven of 40) walrus. Antibodies to one or more subtypes of influenza A virus (H10, N2, N3, N5, N6, N7) were detected in 21% (eight of 38). Periodic screening of free-ranging populations for exposure to infectious diseases has become an important component of bio-monitoring programs to facilitate understanding and detecting trends in marine mammal populations. 相似文献
25.
Characterization of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from duck meat 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11 下载免费PDF全文
Tumpey TM Suarez DL Perkins LE Senne DA Lee JG Lee YJ Mo IP Sung HW Swayne DE 《Journal of virology》2002,76(12):6344-6355
Since the 1997 H5N1 influenza virus outbreak in humans and poultry in Hong Kong, the emergence of closely related viruses in poultry has raised concerns that additional zoonotic transmissions of influenza viruses from poultry to humans may occur. In May 2001, an avian H5N1 influenza A virus was isolated from duck meat that had been imported to South Korea from China. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of A/Duck/Anyang/AVL-1/01 showed that the virus clustered with the H5 Goose/Guandong/1/96 lineage and 1997 Hong Kong human isolates and possessed an HA cleavage site sequence identical to these isolates. Following intravenous or intranasal inoculation, this virus was highly pathogenic and replicated to high titers in chickens. The pathogenesis of DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 virus in Pekin ducks was further characterized and compared with a recent H5N1 isolate, A/Chicken/Hong Kong/317.5/01, and an H5N1 1997 chicken isolate, A/Chicken/Hong Kong/220/97. Although no clinical signs of disease were observed in H5N1 virus-inoculated ducks, infectious virus could be detected in lung tissue, cloacal, and oropharyngeal swabs. The DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 virus was unique among the H5N1 isolates in that infectious virus and viral antigen could also be detected in muscle and brain tissue of ducks. The pathogenesis of DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 virus was characterized in BALB/c mice and compared with the other H5N1 isolates. All viruses replicated in mice, but in contrast to the highly lethal CK/HK/220/97 virus, DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 and CK/HK/317.5/01 viruses remained localized to the respiratory tract. DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 virus caused weight loss and resulted in 22 to 33% mortality, whereas CK/HK/317.5/01-infected mice exhibited no morbidity or mortality. The isolation of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus from poultry indicates that such viruses are still circulating in China and may present a risk for transmission of the virus to humans. 相似文献
26.
High rate of DNA loss in the Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis species groups 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
We recently proposed that patterns of evolution of non-LTR
retrotransposable elements can be used to study patterns of spontaneous
mutation. Transposition of non-LTR retrotransposable elements commonly
results in creation of 5' truncated, "dead-on-arrival" copies. These
inactive copies are effectively pseudogenes and, according to the neutral
theory, their molecular evolution ought to reflect rates and patterns of
spontaneous mutation. Maximum parsimony can be used to separate the
evolution of active lineages of a non-LTR element from the fate of the
"dead-on-arrival" insertions and to directly assess the relative
frequencies of different types of spontaneous mutations. We applied this
approach using a non-LTR element, Helena, in the Drosophila virilis group
and have demonstrated a surprisingly high incidence of large deletions and
the virtual absence of insertions. Based on these results, we suggested
that Drosophila in general may exhibit a high rate of spontaneous large
deletions and have hypothesized that such a high rate of DNA loss may help
to explain the puzzling dearth of bona fide pseudogenes in Drosophila. We
also speculated that variation in the rate of spontaneous deletion may
contribute to the divergence of genome size in different taxa by affecting
the amount of superfluous "junk" DNA such as, for example, pseudogenes or
long introns. In this paper, we extend our analysis to the D. melanogaster
subgroup, which last shared a common ancestor with the D. virilis group
approximately 40 MYA. In a different region of the same transposable
element, Helena, we demonstrate that inactive copies accumulate deletions
in species of the D. melanogaster subgroup at a rate very similar to that
of the D. virilis group. These results strongly suggest that the high rate
of DNA loss is a general feature of Drosophila and not a peculiar property
of a particular stretch of DNA in a particular species group.
相似文献
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LEANDRO AMBRÓSIO CAMPOS HÉLIO RICARDO DA SILVA ANTONIO SEBBEN 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,99(4):752-767
We describe the extra bony elements, plates, and osteoderms present in species of the genus Brachycephalus. Samples of eight species of Brachycephalus, including seven populations of Brachycephalus ephippium, were examined. The large additional elements associated with the skull (parotic plate) and vertebrae (vertebral and paravertebral plates) all comprise intramembranous bone, similar to that of the frontoparietal or nasal bones of the skull of most of frogs. Additionally, in the dermis of one unnamed species, we discovered and described true osteoderms. We discuss the morphological nature and diversity of theses elements and their importance as evidence of phylogenetic relationship within Brachycephalus. In summary, three distinct conditions of extra bony elements occur in the genus Brachycephalus: (1) bony plates may be present or absent in species of the genus; (2) a few, small bony plates may be developed and these may be represented by (a) paravertebral plates small and restricted to the distal ends of the transverse processes of the presacral IV, (b) parotic plates small and not covering the tops of the squamosals, and (c) ornamented spinal plates on all vertebrae; and (3) well‐developed bony plates may be present as (a) paravertebral plates forming a ‘bone‐shield’ on the dorsal surface of the trunk, ornamented, and visible through the integument, (b) parotic plates covering the tops of the squamosals, and (c) spinal plates associated with all vertebrae, and ornamented on vertebrate I–VI. Although the phenomenon of miniaturization may be associated with the appearance of new elements in at least some of the species in the genus, the traditional rule may not be universally applicable. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99 , 752–767. 相似文献
29.
PATRICIA FERNANDES NERES VERÔNICA GOMES DA FONSECA‐GENEVOIS RODRIGO AUGUSTO TORRES MARIANA DA FONSECA CAVALCANTI FRANCISCO JOSÉ VICTOR DE CASTRO NEYVAN RENATO RODRIGUES DA SILVA TANIA TASSINARI RIEGER WILFRIDA DECRAEMER 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2010,158(1):1-15
A new species of Daptonema is described based upon morphological characters and 18S rRNA sequence. Daptonema matrona sp. nov. was collected in Pina Basin (north‐eastern Brazil). It differs from all other species of the genus by the presence of reduced cephalic setae and straight spicules. These features require an adaptation of the generic diagnosis. Moreover, the females are characterized by intra‐uterine development of the offspring, considered herein as their major autapomorphic feature. Molecular systematic analyses supported Daptonema matrona sp. nov. as a distinct genetic and evolutionary lineage. The data also indicate hypotheses of taxonomic synonymies amongst some related taxa from Xyalidae as well as the paraphyly of Daptonema. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158 , 1–15. 相似文献
30.
ITAYGUARA RIBEIRO DA COSTA ELIANA R. FORNI-MARTINS 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2007,155(4):571-580
In Myrtaceae (Myrteae), the diploid chromosome number 2 n = 2 x = 22 is the most common, although variations of ploidy level occur, with some triploid (2 n = 3 x = 33) and tetraploid (2 n = 4 x = 44) records. Karyotype details in this group are scarce because the chromosomes are small (< 2 μm). In this work, we carried out a karyotypic analysis of 15 species of Myrtaceae grouped in different subtribes and genera. Measurements of chromosome length (long arm, L ; short arm, S ) were taken and several karyotypic parameters were calculated for each species. The karyotypes in fleshy-fruited taxa (Myrteae) were more varied than in the other previously analysed dry-fruited group ( Eucalyptus , Eucalypteae), in which the chromosomes were exclusively metacentric. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155 , 571–580. 相似文献