Scanning electron microscopic study of human gallbladder mucosa in cholelithiasis

The mucosa of 17 gallbladders removed because of cholelithiasis was examined by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron micrographs revealed a mulberry-like organization of the normal human gallbladder mucosa. In acute inflammation, circumscribed ulcers were often seen; along their margins the epithelial cells were swollen and isolated from the surrounding cells. In chronic cholecystitis there was an extensive lack of epithelium on the irregularly oriented folds of the mucosa and the characteristic mulberry-like organization was preserved only in islets.     

Proposed follow up programme after curative resection for lower third oesophageal cancer

Cyclins are indispensable elements of the cell cycle and derangement of their function can lead to cancer formation. Recent studies have also revealed more mechanisms through which cyclins can express their oncogenic potential. This review focuses on the aberrant expression of G1/S cyclins and especially cyclin D and cyclin E; the pathways through which they lead to tumour formation and their involvement in different types of cancer. These elements indicate the mechanisms that could act as targets for cancer therapy.