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31.
Ninety-year-, but not single, application of phosphorus fertilizer has a major impact on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ying Cheng Keiko Ishimoto Yuko Kuriyama Mitsuru Osaki Tatsuhiro Ezawa 《Plant and Soil》2013,365(1-2):397-407
Background and aims
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a significant role in P nutrition of crops in agriculture, but P accumulation in the soil, e.g., application of P-fertilizer, generally reduces AM fungal colonization. The impact of long-term application of chemical fertilizer on AM fungal communities was investigated with respect to the time scale.Methods
Soils were collected from four plots with different fertilizer management in the long-term experimental field established in 1914. Lotus japonicus was grown in the soils in a greenhouse, while Glycine max was grown in the plots in the field. DNA was extracted from their roots, and the diversity and community compositions were analyzed based on occurrence of the AM fungal phylotypes defined by sequence similarity in the LSU rDNA.Results
The 90-year-application of N and K in the absence of P increased AM fungal diversity and resulted in formation of a distinctive fungal community compared with those in the other treatments. This effect was not cancelled by single application of P. Whereas the impact of balanced application of N, P, and K was ambiguous.Conclusion
These observations suggest that the presence/absence of P-fertilizer has a major impact on AM fungal communities, but the action may appear only on a long time scale. 相似文献32.
OsTZF1, a CCCH-Tandem Zinc Finger Protein,Confers Delayed Senescence and Stress Tolerance in Rice by Regulating Stress-Related Genes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
33.
Tetsurou Muroi Takaaki Kokuzawa Yoshihiko Kihara Ryuichi Kobayashi Nobutaka Hirano Hideo Takahashi Mitsuru Haruki 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2013,97(9):4039-4048
Serine-type phage integrases catalyze unidirectional site-specific recombination between the attachment sites, attP and attB, in the phage and host bacterial genomes, respectively; these integrases and DNA target sites function efficiently when transferred into heterologous cells. We previously developed an in vivo site-specific genomic integration system based on actinophage TG1 integrase that introduces ~2-kbp DNA into an att site inserted into a heterologous Escherichia coli genome. Here, we analyzed the TG1 integrase-mediated integrations of att site-containing ~10-kbp DNA into the corresponding att site pre-inserted into various genomic locations; moreover, we developed a system that introduces ~10-kbp DNA into the genome with an efficiency of ~104 transformants/μg DNA. Integrations of attB-containing DNA into an attP-containing genome were more efficient than integrations of attP-containing DNA into an attB-containing genome, and integrations targeting attP inserted near the replication origin, oriC, and the E. coli “centromere” analogue, migS, were more efficient than those targeting attP within other regions of the genome. Because the genomic region proximal to the oriC and migS sites is located at the extreme poles of the cell during chromosomal segregation, the oriC–migS region may be more exposed to the cytosol than are other regions of the E. coli chromosome. Thus, accessibility of pre-inserted attP to attB-containing incoming DNA may be crucial for the integration efficiency by serine-type integrases in heterologous cells. These results may be beneficial to the development of serine-type integrases-based genomic integration systems for various bacterial species. 相似文献
34.
Blanca R. Jarilla Shinji Tokuhiro Mitsuru Nagataki Kouji Uda Tomohiko Suzuki Luz P. Acosta Takeshi Agatsuma 《Experimental parasitology》2013
The two-domain taurocyamine kinase (TK) from Paragonimus westermani was suggested to have a unique substrate binding mechanism. We performed site-directed mutagenesis on each domain of this TK and compared the kinetic parameters KmTc and Vmax with that of the wild-type to determine putative amino acids involved in substrate recognition and binding. Replacement of Y84 on domain 1 and Y87 on domain 2 with R resulted in the loss of activity for the substrate taurocyamine. Y84E mutant has a dramatic decrease in affinity and activity for taurocyamine while Y87E has completely lost catalytic activity. Substituting H and I on the said positions also resulted in significant changes in activity. Mutation of the residues A59 on the GS region of domain 1 also caused significant decrease in affinity and activity while mutation on the equivalent position on domain 2 resulted in complete loss of activity. 相似文献
35.
N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase was obtained from exponentially growing Bacillus subtilis cells. The preparation contained two fractions whose molecular weights were 110,000 and 220,000. The two fractions had the same amidase activity and equally accelerated cell wall turnover of autolytic enzyme-deficient mutant cells. But the fraction with the lower molecular weight was more effective in dechaining the cell-chains of mutant cells. 相似文献
36.
Toshiyuki Ohtsuka Masaya Negishi Kazuyuki Sugita Yasuo Iimura Mitsuru Hirota 《Ecological Research》2013,28(5):855-867
Biometric-based carbon flux measurements were conducted in a pine forest on lava flow of Mt. Fuji, Japan, in order to estimate carbon cycling and sequestration. The forest consists mainly of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) in a canopy layer and Japanese holly (Ilex pedunculosa) in a subtree layer. The lava remains exposed on the ground surface, and the soil on the lava flow is still immature with no mineral soil layer. The results showed that the net primary production (NPP) of the forest was 7.3 ± 0.7 t C ha?1 year?1, of which 1.4 ± 0.4 t C ha?1 year?1 was partitioned to biomass increment, 3.2 ± 0.5 t C ha?1 year?1 to above-ground fine litter production, 1.9 t C ha?1 year?1 to fine root production, and 0.8 ± 0.2 t C ha?1 year?1 to coarse woody debris. The total amount of annual soil surface CO2 efflux was estimated as 6.1 ± 2.9 t C ha?1 year?1, using a closed chamber method. The estimated decomposition rate of soil organic matter, which subtracted annual root respiration from soil respiration, was 4.2 ± 3.1 t C ha?1 year?1. Biometric-based net ecosystem production (NEP) in the pine forest was estimated at 2.9 ± 3.2 t C ha?1 year?1, with high uncertainty due mainly to the model estimation error of annual soil respiration and root respiration. The sequestered carbon being allocated in roughly equal amounts to living biomass (1.4 t C ha?1 year?1) and the non-living C pool (1.5 t C ha?1 year?1). Our estimate of biometric-based NEP was 25 % lower than the eddy covariance-based NEP in this pine forest, due partly to the underestimation of NPP and difficulty of estimation of soil and root respiration in the pine forest on lava flows that have large heterogeneity of soil depth. However, our results indicate that the mature pine forest acted as a significant carbon sink even when established on lava flow with low nutrient content in immature soils, and that sequestration strength, both in biomass and in soil organic matter, is large. 相似文献
37.
Mitsuru Ando Masayuki Nakagawa Toshiie Nakamura Kazuo Tomita 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(4):803-809
Excretion, distribution and metabolism of the insecticide, Isoxathion, administered orally in male Wistar-strain rats, were investigated with a carbon-14 labeled chemical. During 96 hr, approximately 85% and 14% of the total radioactivity were excreted in the urine and feces. Distribution of isoxathion after oral administration in the rats was investigated by means of whole-body autoradiographic technique and measurement of radioactivity in the tissues. At least eleven radioactive metabolites were detected, four of which were structurally determined. They were 3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazole, 3-(β-d-glucopyranuronosyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole, 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolyl sulfate and hippuric acid. 相似文献
38.
Mitsuru Niwano Etsuko Mirumachi Masakazu Uramoto Kiyoshi Isono 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(5):1359-1360
The Maillard reaction of DNA with ketoses was investigated. Several days of incubation of d-fructose 6-phosphate with deoxyribonucleotides or with polymer DNA in an aqueous buffer resulted in the formation of chromophores and fluorophores. Aminoguanidine and sodium cvanoborohydride inhibited the formation of fluorophores. Transition metal ions such as Cu2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, or Mn2 + promoted the formation of chromophores and fluorophores. Metal-chelating agents such as DETAPAC, citrate, and Desferal inhibited the formation of fluorophores. Superoxide dismutase and catalase also inhibited the formation of fluorophores. The transition metal ion-catalyzed autoxidation of d-fructose 6-phosphate or of the Heyns rearrangement products were to be partially involved in the glycation of DNA and subsequent formation of chromophores and of fluorophores. 相似文献
39.
Makoto Kiso Mitsuru Maeda Norio Kurihara Minoru Nakajima 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(2):459-461
Meso-(1245/36)-1,2,4,5,6-pentachloro-3-methylthiocyclohexane, and (124/356)-1,2,4,5,6-pentachloro-3-methylthio and ethylthiocyclohexanes were prepared from (1234/56)-1,4,5,6-tetrachloro-2,3-epoxycyclohexane (α-BTC cis-epoxide). 相似文献
40.
Mitsuru Ando Toshiie Nakamura Masayuki Nakagawa 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(12):2451-2456
Excretion, distribution and metabolism of the fungicide, hymexazol, (3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole), labeled with carbon-14 were examined after administration of a single oral dose to Wistar-strain rats. Hymexazol was rapidly absorbed and distributed in the tissues. During 96 hr, 97% of the total radioactivity was excreted in the urine and 0.89% in the feces, and 0.86% was found in the expired gasses for 24 hr. Two metabolites were detected in the urine, whose chemical structures were determined as 3-(β-d-glucopyranuronosyloxy)-5- methylisoxazole and 5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl sulfate. 相似文献