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JÜRG GERTSCH STEFAN RADUNER KARL-HEINZ ALTMANN 《Journal of receptor and signal transduction research》2013,33(5-6):709-730
Since the discovery that Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and related cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. act on specific physiological receptors in the human body and the subsequent elucidation of the mammalian endogenous cannabinoid system, no other natural product class has been reported to mimic the effects of cannabinoids. We recently found that N-alkyl amides from purple coneflower (Echinacea spp.) constitute a new class of cannabinomimetics, which specifically engage and activate the cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptors. Cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) and CB2 receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors and are the primary targets of the endogenous cannabinoids N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl glyerol. CB2 receptors are believed to play an important role in distinct pathophysiological processes, including metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, pain, and bone loss. CB2 receptors have, therefore, become of interest as new targets in drug discovery. This review focuses on N-alkyl amide secondary metabolites from plants and underscores that this group of compounds may provide novel lead structures for the development of CB2-directed drugs. 相似文献
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PEDER ERIKSSON & STEFAN WEISNER 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2003,36(3):555-562
1. The denitrifying capacity of epiphyton was used to evaluate differences in the function of epiphytic microbial communities on submersed macrophytes in nutrient-rich freshwater ecosystems. The denitrifying capacity of epiphyton on Potamogeton perfoliatus shoots of different age and with different epiphytic abundances from a eutrophic lake was investigated in laboratory microcosms in the light and dark. Additionally, differences between epiphyton on shoots of Potamogeton pectinatus grown under different in situ nutrient and hydraulic conditions were investigated by examining their denitrifying capacity.
2. Denitrification was registered in well-developed epiphytic layers on both mature and senescent shoots in the dark, with activities 3- to 10-fold higher in the epiphytic communities of senescent shoots. No activity was detected on young shoots with sparse epiphyton or on shoots from which loosely attached epiphyton had been removed. Denitrification never occurred during illumination.
3. Even though the epiphytic abundance was similar in magnitude, the denitrifying capacity of epiphyton adapted to high nutrient loadings was about a hundred times higher than that of epiphyton adapted to lower nutrient levels. Additionally, epiphytic abundance and denitrifying capacity were higher at sites less exposed to wave turbulence or water currents, than at sites with more water turbulence.
4. The results illustrate how the hydraulic and nutrient conditions of the surrounding water affect both the quantity and function of epiphytic microbial communities in nutrient-rich freshwater ecosystems. 相似文献
2. Denitrification was registered in well-developed epiphytic layers on both mature and senescent shoots in the dark, with activities 3- to 10-fold higher in the epiphytic communities of senescent shoots. No activity was detected on young shoots with sparse epiphyton or on shoots from which loosely attached epiphyton had been removed. Denitrification never occurred during illumination.
3. Even though the epiphytic abundance was similar in magnitude, the denitrifying capacity of epiphyton adapted to high nutrient loadings was about a hundred times higher than that of epiphyton adapted to lower nutrient levels. Additionally, epiphytic abundance and denitrifying capacity were higher at sites less exposed to wave turbulence or water currents, than at sites with more water turbulence.
4. The results illustrate how the hydraulic and nutrient conditions of the surrounding water affect both the quantity and function of epiphytic microbial communities in nutrient-rich freshwater ecosystems. 相似文献
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MARC DE HERT DAN COHEN JULIO BOBES MARCELO CETKOVICH‐BAKMAS STEFAN LEUCHT DAVID M. NDETEI JOHN W. NEWCOMER RICHARD UWAKWE ITSUO ASAI HANS‐JURGEN MÖLLER SHIV GAUTAM JOHAN DETRAUX CHRISTOPH U. CORRELL 《World psychiatry》2011,10(2):138-151
Physical disorders are, compared to the general population, more prevalent
in people with severe mental illness (SMI). Although this excess morbidity
and mortality is largely due to modifiable lifestyle risk factors, the screening
and assessment of physical health aspects remains poor, even in developed
countries. Moreover, specific patient, provider, treatment and system factors
act as barriers to the recognition and to the management of physical diseases
in people with SMI. Psychiatrists can play a pivotal role in the improvement
of the physical health of these patients by expanding their task from clinical
psychiatric care to the monitoring and treatment of crucial physical parameters.
At a system level, actions are not easy to realize, especially for developing
countries. However, at an individual level, even simple and very basic monitoring
and treatment actions, undertaken by the treating clinician, can already improve
the problem of suboptimal medical care in this population. Adhering to monitoring
and treatment guidelines will result in a substantial enhancement of physical
health outcomes. Furthermore, psychiatrists can help educate and motivate
people with SMI to address their suboptimal lifestyle, including smoking,
unhealthy diet and lack of exercise. The adoption of the recommendations presented
in this paper across health care systems throughout the world will contribute
to a significant improvement in the medical and related psychiatric health
outcomes of patients with SMI. 相似文献
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