Studies of sibling Drosophila species from Laguna Verde, Veracruz, Mexico: I. Species frequencies, viability, desiccation resistance, and vagility

The sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans were collected at Laguna Verde, Veracruz, Mexico. D. melanogaster was found in significantly greater frequency than was D. simulans. Ten isofemale lines of each species were tested for egg to adult viability, desiccation resistance, and vagility. D. melanogaster surpassed D. simulans in all three characteristics. The findings are discussed with reference to the climatic conditions at Laguna Verde and the expected effect of such an environment on the relative frequencies of these species. The dichotomous results in regard to desiccation resistance and vagility that were observed between recently collected D. melanogaster and the Oregon-R laboratory stock of that species are also discussed.     

Arg74 in HLA-DRBI and DRB3 controls a DR3-related epitope

TR81 is a specificity closely related to or identical with DR3. In Caucasoids two amino acids, Tyr at position 26 and Arg at position 74 of HLA class II DR chains, have been found to be associated with the presence of TR81. Recently, a variant of DRBI *03 identified in American Blacks has been shown to possess Arg at position 74 but Phe at position 26. This codon combination is found to be present in four other cell lines where it still specifies the TR81 determinant. This suggests that the TR81 specificity is uniquely dependent on the presence of Arg at position 74.     

Origin heterogeneity of Hb Lepore-Boston gene in Italy

Forty-three hybrid delta-beta-globin genes were characterized by DNA sequence analysis and associated RFLP haplotypes in 40 families from Abruzzo and Campania, which are on the east and west coast of Italy, respectively. All the genes had the delta-globin sequence up to the exon 2 codon 87 and had the beta-globin sequence from IVS-2-8; between these two ends, they had 58 bp in common with the delta- and beta-globin genes. Thus, they were all of the Lepore-Boston type. A chromosomal background heterogeneity was present among the mutant genes. In fact, they were all associated with (+ - - - -) 5' subhaplotype, but 23/31 from Campania were associated with (+ +) 3' subhaplotype, whereas 12/12 genes from Abruzzo and 8/31 from Campania were associated with (+ -). DNA sequencing of homozygous subjects showed that (+ +) 3' subhaplotype was associated, at IVS-2-74, with G, while (+ -) was associated with T; that is they were associated with the beta-globin gene sequence of frameworks 1 and 2, respectively. The molecular characteristics of this heterogeneity, as well as its geographical patterns in the eastern and western regions of Italy, represent strong evidence for the recurrent and multicentric origins of the mutation.     

Fruit infesting tephritids [Dipt.: Tephritidae] and associated parasitoids in Chiapas,Mexico

A total of 1,302 parasitoids representing 8 species and 4 families were recovered from 9,818 fruit fly host fruits sampled. The most common parasitoid species wasDiachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead). Average percent parasitism ranged between 0.44 and 29.23%. Parasitoid emergence data indicate thatAnastrepha ludens (Loew),A. obliqua (Sein),A. serpentina (Wiedeman),A. striata (Schiner) andToxotrypana curvicauda (Gerstaecker) were subject to parasitism. We provide information on the population fluctuation ofAnastrepha ludens, A. obliqua, A. serpentina, A. distincta (Greene),A. striata, A. fraterculus (Wiedeman),A. chiclayae (Greene),A. montei (Costa Lima),A. leptozona (Hendel) andA. tripunctata (Wulp).Anastrepha ludens andA. obliqua were the most common species, representing 95.3% of all fruit fly species caught in McPhail traps.      

Protein polymorphism inEligmodontia typus. Genetic divergence with other phyllotine cricetids

By means of gel electrophoresis of tissue extracts we have studied protein polymorphism inEligmodontia typus. The analysis was performed on specimens from five population samples collected at different sites in Patagonia (Argentina). Mean heterozygosity (\-h) and proportion of polymorphic loci (P) were determined on the basis of 19 loci. Considering all individuals as one sample, \-h gave a value of 0.16 and P was 70%. Although these values are much higher than those reported for most rodent species, they are very similar to those obtained by us for four species of the genusCalomys and forGraomys griseoflavus. There is a striking genetic identity (I_N=0.99) among populations from regions with different environmental conditions, indicating that the species possesses a common genic pool. Genetic distance with other species of the Phyllotini was estimated. D_N was lower betweenE. typus andCalomys (mean D_N=0.88) than betweenE. typus andGraomys griseoflavus (D_N=1.01). The high morphological similarity between these last two species, especially regarding those characters related to desert life adaptation, could be assigned, at least in part, to convergent evolution.     

Utilization of acetonitrile and other aliphatic nitriles by a Candida famata strain

Abstract A variant of a yeast strain identified as Candida famata isolated from gold mine effluent was able to grow on acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, butyronitrile, isobutyronitrile, methacrylnitrile, propionitrile, succinonitrile, valeronitrile, acetamide, isobutyamide, and succinamide as sole nitrogen source, after acclimatization. The yeast grew on acetonitrile and acetamide at concentrations up to 4%. The utilisation of acetonitrile and acetamide by the C. famata strain probably involves hydrolysis in a two-step reaction mediated by both inducible and intracellular nitrile hydratase and amidase.     

Bacterial expression of an active class Ib chitinase from Castanea sativa cotyledons

Ch3, an endochitinase of 32 kDa present in Castanea sativa cotyledons, showed in vitro antifungal properties when assayed against Trichoderma viride. The characterization of a cDNA clone corresponding to this protein indicated that Ch3 is a class Ib endochitinase that is synthesized as a preprotein with a signal sequence preceding the mature polypeptide. Bacterial expression of mature Ch3 fused to the leader peptide of the periplasmic protein ompT resulted in active Ch3 enzyme. A plate assay was adapted for semi-quantitative determination of chitinase activity secreted from cultured bacteria, which should facilitate the identification of mutants with altered capacity to hydrolyse chitin.     

Theoretical basis for differential scanning calorimetric analysis of multimeric proteins

A new general equation simulating irreversible DSC transitions of multimeric proteins was developed. The equation put forward here is the result of an improved mathematical re-elaboration of the classical Lumry-Eyring models, where no restrictive a priori assumptions are made on the kinetic constraints of the denaturation process, or on the enthalpy of the final denatured state. In order to test the wide applicability of this new effective theoretical tool, a series of DSC transitions were simulated with the aim of determining the effects of all relevant thermodynamic, kinetic or experimental parameters on the shape of DSC profiles. Moreover, the classical equations used widely in DSC investigations for the calculus in both kinetic parameters and changes of molecularity, were studied in the light of the model developed here, highlighting, in each case, their rather limited applicability. The new approach proposed in this article was applied to study the thermal denaturation of an hexameric protein (Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase), putting in evidence the practical applicability of the theoretical equations developed.