Cross-sectional Area-corrected Compression Modulus of Food Gel

The linearity of the stress-strain relationship for food gel is limited to a very narrow range of the strain (usually less than 0.1 as a Cauchy measure). The reason is thought due to the change in cross-sectional area of the gel upon deformation. In this report, the cross-sectional area was approximately corrected of the compressed gel on the assumption that the gel expanded uniformly without changing its volume upon compression. In cases when the initial Young’s modulus was calculated from the thus-corrected area for some food gels, the linearity was increased for a wider range of strain.     

A strategy for high cell density culture of heterotrophic microalgae with inhibitory substrates

Substrate inhibition is one of the major problems preventing high cell densities of microalgae in heterotrophic culture, so the possibility of overcoming the problem by various culture techniques was examined. It was found that perfusion culture may be the most appropriate technique for high cell densities in heterotrophic culture using inhibitory substrates. An experimental example in which a hollow fibre cell recycle system (HFCRS) was employed to achieve high cell densities of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii on acetate under heterotrophic conditions of growth was demonstrated. The cell density in the HFCRS was much higher than that reported in the literature for this species.     

Genome‐wide detection of CNVs associated with beak deformity in chickens using high‐density 600K SNP arrays

Beak deformity (crossed beaks) is found in several indigenous chicken breeds including Beijing‐You studied here. Birds with deformed beaks have reduced feed intake and poor production performance. Recently, copy number variation (CNV) has been examined in many species and is recognized as a source of genetic variation, especially for disease phenotypes. In this study, to unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying beak deformity, we performed genome‐wide CNV detection using Affymetrix chicken high‐density 600K data on 48 deformed‐beak and 48 normal birds using penncnv . As a result, two and eight CNV regions (CNVRs) covering 0.32 and 2.45 Mb respectively on autosomes were identified in deformed‐beak and normal birds respectively. Further RT‐qPCR studies validated nine of the 10 CNVRs. The ratios of six CNVRs were significantly different between deformed‐beak and normal birds (P < 0.01). Within these six regions, three and 21 known genes were identified in deformed‐beak and normal birds respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these genes were enriched in six GO terms and one KEGG pathway. Five candidate genes in the CNVRs were further validated using RT‐qPCR. The expression of LRIG2 (leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains 2) was lower in birds with deformed beaks (P < 0.01). Therefore, the LRIG2 gene could be considered a key factor in view of its known functions and its potential roles in beak deformity. Overall, our results will be helpful for future investigations of the genomic structural variations underlying beak deformity in chickens.     

The Neural Basis of Responsibility Attribution in Decision-Making

Social responsibility links personal behavior with societal expectations and plays a key role in affecting an agent’s emotional state following a decision. However, the neural basis of responsibility attribution remains unclear. In two previous event-related brain potential (ERP) studies we found that personal responsibility modulated outcome evaluation in gambling tasks. Here we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to identify particular brain regions that mediate responsibility attribution. In a context involving team cooperation, participants completed a task with their teammates and on each trial received feedback about team success and individual success sequentially. We found that brain activity differed between conditions involving team success vs. team failure. Further, different brain regions were associated with reinforcement of behavior by social praise vs. monetary reward. Specifically, right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ) was associated with social pride whereas dorsal striatum and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were related to reinforcement of behaviors leading to personal gain. The present study provides evidence that the RTPJ is an important region for determining whether self-generated behaviors are deserving of praise in a social context.     

基于MODIS NDVI的长江中游区域植被动态及与气候因子的关系

基于1999-2015年的MODIS NDVI时间序列遥感数据，应用趋势分析、变异系数、重标极差分析和偏相关分析等方法，分析了长江中游的植被时空变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明，长江中游地区NDVI均值总体上呈上升趋势（从0.72增加到0.80）。从空间分布来看，NDVI低值区域（0.1-0.5）占1.40%，高值区域（>0.7）占87.15%；NDVI空间格局呈"西高东低、北高南低"的分布特征，低值区域表现为以三省省会城市为中心向外辐射。Hurst指数显示，研究区大部分区域（60.54%）的NDVI变化趋势具有不确定性，持续性改善区域（34.78%）主要分布在西部山地区，持续性退化区域（3.26%）主要分布在人类活动频繁的较发达城市区域。在年际尺度上，研究区NDVI与各气象因子关系均不显著；月际尺度上，NDVI与降水、相对湿度和日照时数显著相关，降水和日照时数有明显的时滞性。区域内NDVI动态趋势以不确定性发展为主，城市群周边NDVI呈现持续退化的区域应该引起关注。     

Prediction of the three-dimensional structure of the rap-1A protein from its homology to theras-gene-encoded p21 protein

rap-1A, an anti-oncogene-encoded protein, is aras-p21-like protein whose sequence is over 80% homologous to p21 and which interacts with the same intracellular target proteins and is activated by the same mechanisms as p21, e.g., by binding GTP in place of GDP. Both interact with effector proteins in the same region, involving residues 32–47. However, activated rap-1A blocks the mitogenic signal transducing effects of p21. Optimal sequence alignment of p21 and rap-1A shows two insertions of rap-1A atras positions 120 and 138. We have constructed the three-dimensional structure of rap-1A bound to GTP by using the energy-minimized three-dimensional structure ofras-p21 as the basis for the modeling using a stepwise procedure in which identical and homologous amino acid residues in rap-1A are assumed to adopt the same conformation as the corresponding residues in p21. Side-chain conformations for homologous and nonhomologous residues are generated in conformations that are as close as possible to those of the corresponding side chains in p21. The entire structure has been subjected to a nested series of energy minimizations. The final predicted structure has an overall backbone deviation of 0.7 å from that ofras-p21. The effector binding domains from residues 32–47 are identical in both proteins (except for different side chains of different residues at position 45). A major difference occurs in the insertion region at residue 120. This region is in the middle of another effector loop of the p21 protein involving residues 115–126. Differences in sequence and structure in this region may contribute to the differences in cellular functions of these two proteins.