全文获取类型
收费全文 | 62306篇 |
免费 | 5317篇 |
国内免费 | 17篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 259篇 |
2021年 | 512篇 |
2020年 | 393篇 |
2019年 | 429篇 |
2018年 | 1098篇 |
2017年 | 1150篇 |
2016年 | 1347篇 |
2015年 | 1463篇 |
2014年 | 1638篇 |
2013年 | 2697篇 |
2012年 | 4252篇 |
2011年 | 4605篇 |
2010年 | 2494篇 |
2009年 | 1774篇 |
2008年 | 3813篇 |
2007年 | 3934篇 |
2006年 | 3655篇 |
2005年 | 3438篇 |
2004年 | 3298篇 |
2003年 | 3086篇 |
2002年 | 3011篇 |
2001年 | 1734篇 |
2000年 | 1939篇 |
1999年 | 1150篇 |
1998年 | 651篇 |
1997年 | 490篇 |
1996年 | 555篇 |
1995年 | 507篇 |
1994年 | 518篇 |
1993年 | 456篇 |
1992年 | 550篇 |
1991年 | 471篇 |
1990年 | 415篇 |
1989年 | 410篇 |
1988年 | 399篇 |
1987年 | 386篇 |
1986年 | 346篇 |
1985年 | 453篇 |
1984年 | 538篇 |
1983年 | 480篇 |
1982年 | 477篇 |
1981年 | 455篇 |
1980年 | 397篇 |
1979年 | 370篇 |
1978年 | 383篇 |
1977年 | 351篇 |
1976年 | 367篇 |
1975年 | 407篇 |
1974年 | 340篇 |
1973年 | 325篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
131.
132.
Species-specific algal responses to zooplankton: experimental and field observations in three nutrient-limited lakes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Elser James J.; Goff Nancy C.; MacKay Neil A.; Amand Ann L.St.; Elser Monica M.; Carpenter Stephen R. 《Journal of plankton research》1987,9(4):699-717
A series of 4-day manipulations of zooplankton biomass and nutrientavailability was performed in enclosures in three lakes to determinespecies-specific algal responses to herbivory and nutrient enrichment.Algal performance in enclosures was compared to the relationshipsbetween weekly algal growth rates and the zooplankton in situ.When in situ growth rates were significant functions of zooplanktonbiomass, the responses were generally consistent with responsesin the enclosure experiments. The importance of both nutrientsand zooplankton in mediating algal growth was demonstrated bynumerous observations: strong algal community response to enrichment,unimodal or positive responses of certain algal taxa to zooplanktonbiomass, differences in degree of nutrient limitation amongthe algal response types, lack of nutrient limitation of non-grazedalgal taxa and a preponderance of taxa with no net responseto increasing zooplankton biomass. Variation in the zooplanktoncommunity may be the largest source of variability in nutrientsupply rate during summer in stratified lakes, and causes substationalvariability in the algae. Algae responded more strongly to changesin zooplankton composition than to changes in zooplankton biomass.We conclude that, due to the close coupling of phytoplanktonand zooplankton communities in these nutrient-limited lakes,major compositional changes in the zooplankton have greatereffects on the algae than do changes in biomass of grazers alreadypresent.
1Present address: Division of Environmental Studies, Universityof California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
2Present address: Division of Biological Sciences, Universityof California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 相似文献
133.
T. Cichocki B. Gonsior J. Glazur M. Höfert L. Jarczyk E. Rokita A. Strzałkowski M. Sych 《Biological trace element research》1987,13(1):167-177
The elemental composition of rabbit liver was determined by the PIXE and micro-PIXE methods. The mean concentrations of P,
S, Cl, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Rb measured by both methods were similar. The latter method also allowed for localization of elements
within lobule territory. It has been found that some elements are more prevalent in the veins (Cl, Fe) and others in the liver
parenchyma (P, Cu, Zn). Moreover, Zn showed the characteristic intralobular distribution. Some methodological aspects of microbeam
application to biological materials were also discussed. 相似文献
134.
The protolytic reactions of PSII membrane fragments were analyzed by measurements of absorption changes of the water soluble indicator dye bromocresol purple induced by a train of 10 s flashes in dark-adapted samples. It was found that: a) in the first flash a rapid H+-release takes place followed by a slower H+-uptake. The deprotonation is insensitive to DCMU but is completely eliminated by linolenic acid treatment of the samples; b) the extent of the H+-uptake in the first flash depends on the redox potential of the suspension. In this time domain no H+-uptake is observed in the subsequent flashes; c) the extent of the H+-release as a function of the flash number in the sequence exhibits a characteristic oscillation pattern. Multiphasic release kinetics are observed. The oscillation pattern can be satisfactorily described by a 1, 0, 1, 2 stoichiometry for the redox transitions Si Si+1 (i=0, 1, 2, 3) in the water oxidizing enzyme system Y. The H+-uptake after the first flash is assumed to be a consequence of the very fast reduction of oxidized Q400(Fe3+) formed due to dark incubation with K3[Fe(CN)6]. The possible participation of component Z in the deprotonation reactions at the PSII donor side is discussed.Abbreviations A
protonizable group at the PSII acceptor side
- BCP
Bromocresol Purple
- DCMU
3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
- FWHM
Full Width at Half Maximum
- QA, QB
primary and secondary plastoquinone at PSII acceptor side
- Q400
redox group at PSII-acceptor side (high spin Fe2+)
- P680
Photoactive chlorophyll of PSII reaction center
- Si
redox states of the catalytic site of water oxidation
- Z
redox component connecting the catalytic site of water oxidation with the reaction center 相似文献
135.
Ronald E. Koes Cornelis E. Spelt Jos N. M. Mol Anton G. M. Gerats 《Plant molecular biology》1987,10(2):159-169
Chalcone synthase (CHS) genes in Petunia hybrida comprise a multigene family containing at least 7 complete members in the strain Violet 30 (V30). Based on a high sequence homology in both coding and non-coding sequence, a number of CHS genes can be placed into two subfamilies. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis it was shown that both chromosomes II and V carry one of these subfamilies, in addition to the other CHS genes identified so far. Members of a subfamily were found to be closely linked genetically. Analysis of the Petunia species that contributed to the hybrid nature of P. hybrida (P. axillaris, P. parodii, P. inflata and P. violacea) shows that none of the CHS gene clusters is specific for either one of the parents and therefore did not arise as a consequence of the hybridization. The number of CHS genes within a subfamily varies considerably among these Petunia species. From this we infer that the CHS subfamilies arose from very recent gene duplications. 相似文献
136.
Big Moose Basin: simulation of response to acidic deposition 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
George F. Davis John J. Whipple Steven A. Gherini Carl W. Chen Robert A. Goldstein Arland H. Johannes Peter W.H Chan Ronald K. Munson 《Biogeochemistry》1987,3(1-3):141-161
The ILWAS model has been enhanced for application to multiple-lake hydrologic basins. This version of the model has been applied to the Big Moose basin, which includes Big Moose Lake and its tributary streams, lakes, and watersheds. The basin, as defined, includes an area of 96 km2, with over 20 lakes and ponds, and 70 km of streams. Hydrologic and chemical calibrations have been made using data from seven sampling stations. When total atmospheric sulfur loading to the basin is halved, the model predicts, after four years of simulation, a decreasing sulfate concentration and to a lesser extent a rising alkalinity at Big Moose Lake outlet. At the end of four years, the results show an increase in pH of 0.1 to 0.5 pH units depending upon season. 相似文献
137.
W. L. C. Vaz J. Stümpel D. Hallmann A. Gambacorta M. De Rosa 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》1987,15(2):111-115
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to investigate the translational diffusion of a fluorescent derivative of a membrane-spanning lipid in L
phase multibilayers of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine prepared in water and in glycerol. The translational diffusion coefficient in hydrated bilayers (D
w) ranged between 2 and 5x10–8 cm2/s and in glycerinated bilayers (D
g) the range was between 3 and 24×10–10 cm2/s between 10° and 40°C. These results are discussed in terms of models for diffusion in membranes. 相似文献
138.
We estimate the active part of cytochrome P-450, which is involved in a special substrate transformation, by measuring the initial change of the production rate as a function of the relaxation transitions between two different steady states of the reaction cycle of cytochrome P-450 using the light-reversibility of the carbon monoxide inhibition. The kinetic data of such relaxations are interpreted within a model cycle, which reduces the reaction cycle to three steps. The estimation of the rate constant of the first reduction step, derived from model simulation of the production rate, is confirmed by independent experimental study of the reduction kinetics.An application of our model to the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin reveals that — in a time average — 10%–15% of the spectroscopically detectable cytochrome P-450 is involved in that transformation.Abbreviations Cyt. P-450
microsomal cytochrome P-450
- 7-EC
7-ethoxycoumarin 相似文献
139.
Summary Phenylalanine production from E. coli KA 197/pJN6 (plasmid harboring genes for aro F, phe AFBR, AmpR and TcR) was studied under varying nutritional conditions in batch and continuous cultures. In batch culture experiments where growth was deliberately interrupted by limiting concentrations of sulphate and phosphate the phenylalanine production continued from the non-growing cells. However, the depletion of phosphate resulted in an immediate cessation of phenylalanine production but thereafter a low specific rate of phenylalanine formation resumed, while the decrease in specific rate of product formation was less after sulphate depletion. In the chemostat experiments, however, phosphate limitation was the only case where the specific rate of phenylalanine formation remained constant, while at the corresponding time in sulphate and glucose limited chemostats it was declining respectively had ceased. 相似文献
140.
Summary The yield of cell mass and the morphology of Armillaria mellea, strain ATCC 11114, was studied using a variety of cultivation methods: solid media, standing liquid culture, shake flasks, tower reactors and impeller-stirred reactors. Two different media, malt extract broth and a glucose/asparagine/peptone-medium, and the corresponding agar media, were used. Yields were higher in the malt extract media than in the glucose media. Generally the highest yields were obtained on solid media while agitated cultures gave the lowest yields. Morphological characteristics such as pellet formation, adhesion to surfaces and pigment production were significantly affected by culture conditions. 相似文献