The control of oscillatory movements of the forearm

The patterns of EMG activity in the biceps and triceps muscles were recorded during horizontal oscillatory movements of the forearm. Subjects showed increased frequency of oscillation as they voluntarily reduced movement amplitude. EMG burst duration was significantly correlated with wavelength of oscillation in every case. In almost half the cases burst intensity was also positively correlated with wavelength. Subjects seemed to be using one or both these methods to control amplitude. A model was developed in three stages which satisfactorily accounted for the data.     

Phytofluene

The extraction and purification of phytofluene from tomatoes is described. The purity of the best preparations obtained is approximately 25% higher than previously reported (2). The present light-absorption value for the longer wavelength maximum is that expected by extrapolation of the values obtained for ζ- and δ-carotenes, tetrahydrolycopene, and lycopene.     

Evaluating fermentation characteristics of Kazachstania spp. and their potential influence on wine quality

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology - The current study is the first one to demonstrate the wine fermentation potential of members of several species of the genus Kazachstania including...     

Mitogenomic analysis of Montipora cactus and Anacropora matthai (cnidaria; scleractinia; acroporidae) indicates an unequal rate of mitochondrial evolution among Acroporidae corals

The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial (mt) genome was determined for specimens of the coral species Montipora cactus (Bernard 1897) and Anacropora matthai (Pillai 1973), representing two morphologically distinct genera of the family Acroporidae. These sequences were compared with the published mt genome sequence for the confamilial species, Acropora tenuis (Dana 1846). The size of the mt genome was 17,887 bp and 17,888 bp for M. cactus and A. matthai. Gene content and organization was found to be very similar among the three Acroporidae mt genomes with a group I intron occurring in the NADH dehyrogenase 5 (nad5) gene. The intergenic regions were also similar in length among the three corals. The control region located between the small ribosomal RNA (ms) and the cytochrome oxidase 3 (cox3) gene was significantly smaller in M. cactus and A. matthai (both 627 bp) than in A. tenuis (1086 bp). Only one set of repeated sequences was identified at the 3′-end of the control regions in M. cactus and A. matthai. A lack of the abundant repetitive elements which have been reported for A. tenuis, accounts for the relatively short control regions in M. cactus and A. matthai. Pairwise distances and relative rate analyses of 13 protein coding genes, the group I intron and the largest intergenic region, igr3, revealed significant differences in the rate of molecular evolution of the mt genome among the three species, with an extremely slow rate being seen between Montipora and Anacropora. It is concluded that rapid mt genome evolution is taking place in genus Acropora relative to the confamilial genera Montipora and Anacropora although all are within the relatively slow range thought to be typical of Anthozoa.