A survey of the pathology of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) under experiment

A survey of the pathology of 567 laboratory-bred cotton-eared marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) is presented. There were few significant pathological changes in animals used in studies up to 6 months in duration, suggesting that the marmoset can be a useful non-human primate species for routine toxicology. The most common pathological changes encountered were chronic colitis, chronic thyroiditis and interstitial mononuclear infiltration in the kidney. No internal parasites were encountered, nor were any viral or bacterial diseases identified. Fungal disease was confined to a few cases of oesophageal mycoses. In a long term study a variety of pathological changes have been observed, including a 'wasting' syndrome, not related to skeletal muscle myopathy, with atrophy of the gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands and gonads, haemosiderosis and fatty change in the liver and osteoporosis. It is suggested that these changes may be related to protein deficiency and that the nutritional requirements of the marmoset require further investigation.     

Experimental chimaerism in sheep

Composite sheep embryos (N = 110) were produced by aggregation of blastomeres from 2-, 4- or 8-cell embryos. Each composite embryo consisted of equal numbers of blastomeres from 2-8 parent embryos, the total cell number ranging from one quarter of the normal cell number to 8 times the normal cell number. The embryos were embedded in agar and transferred to ligated sheep oviducts to allow development up to the early blastocyst stage. Of the 101 embryos subsequently recovered, 77 had formed normally organized blastocysts and 74 of these were transferred to 51 recipients. Thirty-eight recipients went to full term, producing a total of 53 lambs. Of the 48 lambs which survived to be blood typed at 60 days of age, 36 were judged to be chimaeric on the basis of their blood type and/or on the basis of external features. The proportion of chimaeras was larger amongst the lambs produced from composite embryos of the normal number of cells or more (25/26) than amongst lambs produced from composite embryos of less than the normal cell number (11/22).     

The effect of seed drying and gibberellin treatment on the germination performance of developing carrot seed

In a succession of seed harvests of carrot, the highest percentage and most rapid germination was obtained from seed harvested 51 days after anthesis (DAA) when dried by conditioning at 25°C and 60% RH for one week and from seeeds harvested 65 or 79 DAA with or without conditioning treatment. Seed from these harvests had reached maximum weight when dried, had embryos of maximum length and were considered mature. The germinaton of seed from these treatments was unaffected by a mixture of the gibberellins A₄ and A₇ (GA_4/7) applied in the incubation medium. Seed harvested 37 DAA also gave maximum percentage germination when it was both conditioned and incubated in GA_4/7 solution. Seed harvested earlier than this germinated poorly. Germination times of both mature and immature seed were reduced after storage for 18 months but there was no response to GA_4/7.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - DAA days after anthesis - GA gibberellin     

Sequencing and identification of a cDNA clone for tomato polygalacturonase.

The 2a isoenzyme of tomato polygalacturonase was purified from ripe fruit and characterised. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein was determined in order to identify polygalacturonase cDNA clones. The nucleotide sequence of a ripening-related cDNA (pTOM 6) was determined and found to encode the N-terminal sequence of mature polygalacturonase 2a. The complete open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of molecular weight 50,051, including a putative pre-sequence of 71 amino acids.     

Productivity and nutrient uptake of water hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes I. Effect of nitrogen source

Water hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes, growth and nutrient uptake rates, as influenced by different N sources and N transformations, were measured using microcosm aquaculture systems. Net productivity was highest in the system receiving equal amounts of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^- (at 10 mg N 1^-1 each) and decreased in the order of NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺, urea (added at 20 mg N 1^-1 each), and methane digestor effluent (at 6 mg N 1^-1). During the first 7-wk study (average ambient air temperature was 26–28°C), biomass yields were in the range of 19–53 g dry wt m^-2 day^-1, while between the 8th and 12th wk (average ambient air temperature was 16–22°C), biomass yields were in the range of 10–33 g dry wt m^-2 day^-1. In the systems with either NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^-, or both added in equal proportions, about 14–20% of the total yield was contributed by roots, whereas in the system with urea and digestor effluent, roots contributed about 23 and 44% of the total yield, respectively. Nitrogen and P uptake per unit area followed trends similar to biomass yields. Nitrogen uptake rates were in the range of 533–2, 161 mg N m^-2 day^-1 for the systems receiving NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^-, and urea, while uptake rates were in the range of 124–602 mg N m^-2 day^-1 for the system receiving methane digestor effluent. Phosphorus uptake rates were found to be in the range of 59–542 mg P m^-2 day^-1. Under the most favorable conditions, maximum recorded biomass yield was 53 g dry wt m^-2 day^-1, with N and P removal rate of 2,161 mg N m^-2 day^-1 and 542 mg P m^-2 day^-1, indicating the potential of water hyacinth to produce large amounts of biomass which can be potentially used as a feedstock to produce methane.     

Regulation of cardiac contractile proteins by phosphorylation

Several of the contractile proteins of the heart can be phosphorylated, but in studies with isolated proteins only phosphorylation of the inhibitory subunit of troponin (TnI) produces a major change in the properties of the contractile system. As TnI is phosphorylated, the concentration of calcium required for activation of contraction is increased. Phosphorylation of the tropomyosin-binding subunit of troponin (TnT) or of the light chain of myosin fails to change ATPase activity of the isolated protein system. Phosphorylation of TnI is stimulated by the beta-adrenergic system and inhibited by the cholinergic system. Maximum calcium-activated force produced by the contractile system can be increased in hyperpermeable cardiac cells by cyclic AmP (cAMP) or agents that stimulate cAMP synthesis. This change in the contractile system, which appears to be part of the physiological response to beta-adrenergic stimulation, is mediated by phosphorylation of an intermediate that then modifies the contractile system. Phosphorylation of the contractile proteins is not involved.     

Phospholipid metabolism during bacterial growth

Haemophilus parainfluenzae incorporates glycerol and phosphate into the membrane phospholipids without lag during logarithmic growth. In phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), the phosphate and unacylated glycerol moieties turn over and incorporate radioactivity much more rapidly than does the diacylated glycerol. At least half the radioactivity is lost from the phosphate and unacylated glycerol in about 1 doubling. The total fatty acids turn over slightly faster than the diacyl glycerol. In phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), which is the major lipid of the bacterium, ethanolamine and phosphate turn over and incorporate radioactivity at least half as fast as the phosphate in PG. The glycerol of PE did not turn over in 4 bacterial doublings. In phosphatidic acid the glycerol turns over at one-third the rate of phosphate turnover. By means of a modified method for the quantitative recovery of 1,3-glycerol diphosphate from cardiolipin, the phosphates and middle glycerol of cardiolipin were shown to turn over more rapidly than the acylated glycerols during bacterial growth. There is no randomization of the radioactivity in the 1- and 3-positions of the glycerol in the course of 1 doubling. The fatty acids of PG turn over faster than those in PE. In both lipids the 2-fatty acids turn over much faster than the 1-fatty acids. At both positions the individual fatty acids have their own rates of turnover. The distribution of fatty acids between the 1- and 2-positions is the same as in other organisms, with more monoenoic and long-chain fatty acids at the 2-position. The different rates of turnover and incorporation of radioactivity into different parts of the lipids suggest that exchange reactions may be important to phospholipid metabolism.