全球啄木鸟濒危格局及研究现状

啄木鸟科物种作为初级洞巢者与蛀干害虫控制者,对森林高度依赖,是森林生态系统重要的伞护种和环境指示物种。自20世纪以来,由于全球范围的栖息地丧失和片段化,啄木鸟科物种的森林生境急剧萎缩,威胁着该类群物种的生存和繁衍。为探究啄木鸟科动物濒危情况和研究现状,本研究利用世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录(IUCN Red List)和国际鸟盟(BirdLife International)在线数据库,检索并整理出1988年到2023年以下内容：(1)全球啄木鸟的物种数、濒危等级及其变化情况;(2)各大洲的啄木鸟物种数及其受威胁物种的比例;(3)啄木鸟的主要威胁因素;(4)通过Google学术搜索等方式检索并统计啄木鸟相关文章的研究内容。结果显示：(1)目前现存254种啄木鸟,33年间全球受威胁啄木鸟由7种增加至18种,受威胁物种数占当年已命名啄木鸟物种数的比例由3.4%上升至7.0%。(2)亚洲、南美洲和北美洲各分布了83种、93种和56种啄木鸟,受威胁物种占比分别为12.0%、6.4%、5.3%。非洲和欧洲分别分布了36种和11种啄木鸟,当前没有受威胁物种。(3)农业和生物资源利用以及放牧是啄木鸟的主要威胁因素。(4)共检索到研究啄木鸟的有关文章1 024篇,研究覆盖了140种啄木鸟,其中,文章数最多的物种是红顶啄木鸟(Leuconotopicus borealis)(162篇)。研究主要集中在巢相关特征(129篇)、生境选择特征(122篇)、取食行为(112篇)、繁殖行为(99篇)和种群状况(66篇)等基础生态学内容。这些研究为啄木鸟生物学、生态学积累了一定的基础,但物种覆盖程度还远远不够。在生物多样性急剧丧失的大背景下,亟需开展更为广泛和深入的研究。本研究对全球啄木鸟的濒危格局与研究现状进行了全面的分析,以期为后续啄木鸟的研究与保护工作提供参考。     

白裤瑶体质人类学研究

本文对953名(男605人,女348人)生活在贵州和广西接境地带的白裤瑶民族进行了活体调查(观察28个项目,测量63个项目)。调查对象年龄为22—55岁,三代均系白裤瑶。分析结果表明：白裤瑶属蒙古人种南亚类型,具有典型现代黄种人的容貌特征。多为圆头型,以超狭面型多见,属中鼻型,矮型身材。白裤瑶与南方16个少数民族群体10项头面部体部测量数据聚类分析,结果显示白裤瑶人群的体质特征与贵州毛南族、湖南侗族、云南苗族最为接近,与广西苗族、彝族、侗族、瑶族次之,与贵州苗族、水族以及湖南土家族、瑶族等民族较远。     

玉米核雄性不育材料的研究及其分子育种中的利用

玉米核雄性不育材料是宝贵的种质资源。本文概述了玉米核雄性不育材料的发现、研究和利用的最新进展情况,重点针对核不育基因在染色体上的定位、细胞学研究和标记性状的利用进行了简要综述,并对这一宝贵的种质资源在生物技术迅速发展条件下的利用提出了新构想。     

Microsatellite variability reveals the necessity for genetic input from wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) into the captive population

Recent success in breeding giant pandas in captivity has encouraged panda conservationists to believe that the ex situ population is ready to serve as a source for supporting the wild population. In this study, we used 11 microsatellite DNA markers to assess the amount and distribution of genetic variability present in the two largest captive populations (Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Province and the China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda at Wolong, Sichuan Province). The data were compared with those samples from wild pandas living in two key giant panda nature reserves (Baoxing Nature Reserve and Wanglang Nature Reserve). The results show that the captive populations have retained lower levels of allelic diversity and heterozygosity compared to isolated wild populations. However, low inbreeding coefficients indicate that captive populations are under careful genetic management. Excessive heterozygosity suggests that the two captive populations have experienced a genetic bottleneck, presumably caused by founder effects. Moreover, evidence of increased genetic divergence demonstrates restricted breeding options within facilities. Based on these results, we conclude that the genetic diversity in the captive populations is not optimal. Introduction of genetic materials from wild pandas and improved exchange of genetic materials among institutions will be necessary for the captive pandas to be representative of the wild populations.     

斜卧青霉原生质体制备和再生的研究

研究了斜卧青霉原生质体制备和再生的条件,确定了培养方式、菌龄、渗透压稳定剂、酶的配比、酶解时间等因素对原生质体制备和再生的影响。最佳条件：菌丝体培养12h,用1％溶壁酶＋1％纤维素酶＋1％蜗牛酶的混合酶液酶解,将NaCl作为渗透压稳定剂,酶解时间为1．5h。在此条件下原生质体的形成量达到5．3×10^5个／mL,再生率为19．4％。     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子的N端氨基定点PEG化修饰

尽管重组粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)具有重大的治疗价值,然而在实际应用却受到体内半衰期过短因而需要频繁重复注射的限制．为了解决这一问题,我们利用两种不同分子量（5 kD和 20 kD）的单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛（mPEG-PAL）对rhG-CSF的N端氨基进行了定点PEG化修饰．通过正交实验的统计学方法得到了最适修饰条件．研究发现,PEG化后的rhG-CSF具有了更高的体外稳定性,其体内活性也得到了很大提高,体内作用时间得到很大延长．因此,对于rhG-CSF的N端氨基定点PEG化修饰,可以显著提高rhG-CSF的临床应用价值．     

刺参的趋光性以及对附着基颜色的感应行为

为了探讨刺参的趋光特性和附着基颜色对其行为反应的影响,分别用平均趋光率(mean phototactic rate, MPR)和平均聚集率(mean attractive rate, MAR)统计分析了刺参在100、50、10、5和1 lx共5档强度的光照和7种颜色的附着基(红色、灰色、黄色、蓝色、白色、黑色和绿色)下的行为反应差异。结果表明:在水平光场内,光源照度为100、50和10 lx时,光照度较强区与光照度较低区之间的MPR均存在显著差异(P﹤0.05),而光源照度为5和1 lx时,各区域之间的MPR无显著差异;不同颜色附着基实验时,刺参在黑暗和自然光照条件下,同种颜色附着基的MAR无显著差异(P>0.05);在相同光照条件下,黑色和灰色附着基的MAR明显优于其他颜色的附着基,与蓝色、黄色及不放置附着基的MAR差异极显著(P<0.01),不同颜色附着基的MAR由大到小排列为黑色>灰色>红色>绿色>白色>蓝色>黄色。表明刺参的趋光性随着光照强度的增加而减小,呈负趋光性;平均聚集率较高的3种颜色的附着基是黑色、灰色和红色。     

Surviving the end-Ordovician extinctions: evidence from the earliest Silurian brachiopods of northeastern Jiangxi and western Zhejiang provinces, East China

Earliest Rhuddanian (Silurian) brachiopods are recorded from the basal part of the Lower Llandovery Shiyang and Anji formations in western Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi provinces, East China. Associated graptolites including Normalograptus jerini indicate the lowest Rhuddanian Akidograptus ascensus Biozone. The surviving brachiopod fauna includes 19 genera dominated by orthids and strophomenids, whereas pentamerids and atrypids that inhabited mainly warmer water regimes, and were almost absent in the cool/cold Hirnantia Fauna, occur rarely in the studied fauna. Each family is represented by a single genus that seeded their recovery. The predominance of these long-ranging and widely distributed genera is one of major characters of the brachiopod survival in east China. From qualitative and quantitative analysis of faunal composition, diversity and abundance, with evidences from palaeoecology and palaeogeography, the Levenea qianbeiensis Association, Katastrophomena-Leptaena-Levenea Association, and Glyptorthis-Epitomyonia-Levenea Association are recognized and assigned to BA (Benthic Assemblage) 2, BA3, and an ecozone close to the BA3-4 boundary respectively. No Lazarus genera are recorded in this study. Skenidioides and Epitomyonia were chiefly regarded as deeper-water taxa in the Ordovician and Silurian, but are recorded from shallow-water in east China during the early Rhuddanian, indicating an ecologic experiment with these taxa migrating from deep into shallower, better-oxygenated sites at the crisis time and during the subsequent survival interval. This study further demonstrates that the brachiopod faunal turnover after the end-Ordovician extinctions may not have been completed until the late Rhuddanian in South China.     

真菌多糖抗肿瘤及免疫调节作用研究进展

真菌多糖被认为是目前最有开发前途的保健食品和药品的新资源之一,对真菌多糖的生物活性研究也是保健食品功能因子中最为炽热的研究热点。本文综述了近年来国内外真菌多糖抗肿瘤及免疫调节作用的研究进展。     

中国1995～1999年鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方分离株核蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

应用RT-PCR方法扩增到了我国1995~1999年10株IBV现地分离株的核蛋白基因片段,并将其进行了克隆、序列测定及分析。结果发现,10株IBV分离株核蛋白基因均含有一个长1 230bp的ORF,编码由409个氨基酸残基组成的多肽,未发现碱基的插入和缺失。与GenBank中的20个IBV参考毒株核蛋白基因序列进行比较和分析,发现本研究分离的毒株主要分布于3个群中,该3群病毒主要包括我国IBV现地分离株。对n基因及其局部功能区序列比较发现,我国分离株与H120疫苗株N蛋白存在广泛的氨基酸变异。通过与s1基因系统发育进化树比较发现,我国IBV分离株存在基因重组现象。以上结果表明我国1995~1999年IBV毒株存在基因突变和基因重组现象。