Population increases of buffalo and wildebeest in the Serengeti*

Censuses of buffalo and wildebeest in the Serengeti-Mara region have been carried out by various workers at intervals since 1958. The methods of these censuses, which normally employ a total count, are described and the errors inherent in such techniques are analysed in detail. After the appropriate corrections had been made the results showed that both populations have increased considerably over the years 1961–1971.     

Computer Simulation of Assembly and Co-operativity of Hexameric AAA ATPases

AAA ATPases form a functionally diverse superfamily of proteins. Most members form homo-hexameric ring complexes, are catalytically active only in the fully assembled state, and show co-operativity among the six subunits. The mutual dependence among the subunits is clearly evidenced by the fact that incorporation of mutated, inactive subunits can decrease the activity of the remaining wild type subunits. For the first time, we develop here models to describe this form of allostery, evaluate them in a simulation study, and test them on experimental data. We show that it is important to consider the assembly reactions in the kinetic model, and to define a formal inhibition scheme. We simulate three inhibition scenarios explicitly, and demonstrate that they result in differing outcomes. Finally, we deduce fitting formulas, and test them on real and simulated data. A non-competitive inhibition formula fitted experimental and simulated data best. To our knowledge, our study is the first one that derives and tests formal allosteric schemes to explain the inhibitory effects of mutant subunits on oligomeric enzymes.     

Effect of sublethal concentrationsof mercury, cadmium, and copper salts on the lysozyme content in fryof the lena river sturgeon acipenser baeri

The paper presents data on a change in lysozyme content in tissues of spleen, liver and heart in fry of the Lena River sturgeon exposed to the presence of sublethal concentrations of Hg2⁺, Cd²⁺, and Cu²⁺ under conditions of chronic experiment. It has been shown that the lysozyme content in fish tissues varies and has a phasic character. The amplitude of fluctuations of this parameter depends on the moment of sampling, nature of the toxicant, and structural-functional organization of the studied organs.     

Syntheses of (Z)-and (E)-4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butenoic acid and their inactivation of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase.

(Z)- and (E)-4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butenoic acid (4 and 5, respectively) were synthesized and investigated as potential mechanism-based inactivators of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) in a continuing effort to map the active site of this enzyme. The core alpha-trifluoromethyl-alpha,beta-unsaturated ester moiety was prepared via a Reformatsky/reductive elimination coupling of the key intermediates tert-butyl 2,2-dichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate and N,N-bis(tert-butoxy-carbonyl)glycinal. Both 4 and 5 inhibited GABA-AT in a time-dependent manner, but displayed non-pseudo-first-order inactivation kinetics; initially, the inactivation rate increased with time. Further investigation demonstrated that the actual inactivator is generated enzymatically from 4 or 5. This inactivating species is released from the active site prior to inactivation, and as a result, 4 and 5 cannot be defined as mechanism-based inactivators. Furthermore, 4 and 5 are alternate substrates for GABA-AT, transaminated by the enzyme with Km values of 0.74 and 20.5 mM, respectively. Transamination occurs approximately 276 and 305 times per inactivation event for 4 and 5, respectively. The enzyme also catalyzes the elimination of the fluoride ion from 4 and 5. A mechanism to account for these observations is proposed.     

Anesthetic effects on pulmonary allergic responses in rats: changes in sensitivity to serotonin.

Subsequent to observations that pulmonary responses to antigen challenge are of different magnitudes in sensitized rats that are anesthetized with different drugs, we conducted studies to test whether the alterations in responses were due to changes in airway responsiveness to cholinergic or serotonergic challenge, opioid-receptor mediated events, or changes in mast cell mediator release. Immunoglobulin E-sensitized rats anesthetized with ketamine/urethan had larger changes in lung resistance and plasma histamine after pulmonary antigen challenge compared with rats anesthetized with fentanyl-droperidol. Blockade of opioid receptors with naloxone did not affect the responses. In unsensitized rats, airway responses to aerosolized methacholine were similar for the two anesthetics, indicating unchanged smooth muscle responsiveness; however, airway responses to intravenous serotonin were enhanced by ketamine and ablated by droperidol. We conclude that ketamine- and droperidol-induced alterations of pulmonary allergic responses are due to changes in sensitivity to serotonin and in mast cell mediator release. We speculate that mast cell mediator release may be modulated by a serotonin receptor-linked mechanism.     

Markers for trans-Golgi Membranes and the Intermediate Compartment Localize to Induced Membranes with Distinct Replication Functions in Flavivirus-Infected Cells

Replication of the flavivirus Kunjin virus is associated with virus-induced membrane structures within the cytoplasm of infected cells; these membranes appear as packets of vesicles associated with the sites of viral RNA synthesis and as convoluted membranes (CM) and paracrystalline arrays (PC) containing the components of the virus-specified protease (E. G. Westaway, J. M. Mackenzie, M. T. Kenney, M. K. Jones, and A. A. Khromykh, J. Virol. 71:6650-6661, 1997). To determine the cellular origins of these membrane structures, we compared the immunolabelling patterns of several cell markers in relation to these sites by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. A marker for the trans-Golgi membranes and the trans-Golgi network, 1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT), was redistributed to large foci in the cytoplasm of Kunjin virus-infected cells, partially coincident with immunofluorescent foci associated with the putative sites of viral RNA synthesis. As determined by immunoelectron microscopy, the induced vesicle packets contained GalT, whereas the CM and PC contained a specific protein marker for the intermediate compartment (ERGIC53). A further indicator of the role of cellular organelles in their biogenesis was the observation that the Golgi apparatus-disrupting agent brefeldin A prevented further development of immunofluorescent foci of induced membranes if added before the end of the latent period but that once formed, these membrane foci were resistant to brefeldin A dispersion. Reticulum membranes emanating from the induced CM and PC were also labelled with the rough endoplasmic reticulum marker anti-protein disulfide isomerase and were obviously redistributed during infection. This is the first report identifying trans-Golgi membranes and the intermediate compartment as the apparent sources of the flavivirus-induced membranes involved in events of replication.     

A finite element based method to determine the properties of planar soft tissue.

A finite element based method to determine the incremental elastic material properties of planar membranes was developed and evaluated. The method is applicable to tissues that exhibit inhomogeneity, geometric and material nonlinearity, and anisotropy. Markers are placed on the tissue to form a four-node quadrilateral element. The specimen is loaded to an initial reference state, then three incremental loading sets are applied and the nodal displacements recorded. One of these loadings must include shear. These data are used to solve an over-determined system of equations for the tangent stiffness matrix. The method was first verified using analytical data. Next, data obtained from a latex rubber sheet were used to evaluate experimental procedures. Finally, experiments conducted on preconditioned rat skin revealed nonlinear orthotropic behavior. The vector norm comparing the applied and calculated nodal force vectors was used to evaluate the accuracy of the solutions.