乌苏里江洪泛湿地蜻蜓目幼虫对水文连通阻断的生态响应

大型底栖动物的群落组成完整性能够指示和预测水生态环境的健康程度和变化趋势,已经在大量研究中得到验证。然而,群落水平的全部样品采集过程的复杂性并不利于它们的便捷应用。蜻蜓目幼虫是大型底栖动物中相对易于捕捉和识别的类群,并且拥有特别的两栖生命周期,它们的多样性特征以及对水体性质变化的敏感反应,使其成为湿地生态系统中非常广泛且适宜的指示生物。本研究通过比较乌苏里江人工堤坝内外两侧不同河段的河滨湿地中蜻蜓目幼虫的群落组成,分析堤坝阻隔对河滨湿地的生态影响,评估蜻蜓目幼虫对河滨湿地的环境指示特征。结果表明,随着乌苏里江由上游至下游,河滨湿地蜻蜓目幼虫的多样性愈加丰富;阻隔水文连通对蜻蜓目幼虫的生存繁育产生负面的作用,且越趋近下游,蜻蜓目幼虫受到人工堤坝的影响程度越显著;堤坝两侧不同物种的密度变化差异较小,主要区别在于直接与河流水文连通的样点多样性指数值的波动范围相对较大。     

柚皮苷通过P2X7受体减轻HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120导致大鼠神经功能损害的的作用及机制

人类免疫缺陷病毒-1(Human immunodeficiency virus-1,HIV-1)包膜糖蛋白gp120能够引起大鼠出现学习记忆障碍的行为学改变并增加海马中P2X7受体的表达;柚皮苷对gp120引起的行为学改变及P2X7表达增多具有改善作用。为了研究柚皮苷通过减少P2X7受体表达减轻gp120导致大鼠神经功能损害的作用及机制,本实验选择SD大鼠并分为假手术操作的对照组、脑室注射gp120的gp120组、脑室注射gp120及不同剂量柚皮苷灌胃的柚皮苷组、脑室注射BzATP的BzATP组、脑室注射gp120、BzATP及90mg/kg柚皮苷灌胃的90mg/kg/d柚皮苷+BzATP组。Morris水迷宫检测逃避潜伏期及错误次数,TUNEL法检测海马中细胞凋亡率,Elisa法检测海马中肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)的含量,Western blot检测海马中P2X7受体的表达。结果显示:与对照组比较,gp120组大鼠的逃避潜伏期延长,错误次数及海马中细胞凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量、P2X7受体的表达水平增加(P<0.05);与gp120组比较,不同剂量柚皮苷组大鼠的逃避潜伏期缩短,错误次数及海马中细胞凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量、P2X7受体的表达水平减少(P<0.05);与90mg/kg/d柚皮苷组比较,90mg/kg/d柚皮苷+BzATP组大鼠的逃避潜伏期延长,错误次数及海马中细胞凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量、P2X7受体的表达水平增加(P<0.05)。本研究的结果表明柚皮苷减轻HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120诱导的神经功能损害,这一作用与抑制海马组织中P2X7受体表达并减轻炎症反应及细胞凋亡有关。创新在于首次阐明了柚皮苷减轻HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120诱导神经功能损害的分子机制。在gp120引起大鼠行为学改变及海马组织中细胞凋亡、炎症反应激活的过程中,柚皮苷通过抑制P2X7受体的表达来改善行为学改变、抑制细胞凋亡及炎症反应的激活。     

基于雪岭云杉树轮宽度重建过去339年天山中部巴音布鲁克地区夏季NDVI

归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)被广泛应用于植被研究的各个领域,但由于观测时长较短,难以满足长时间尺度的研究需要。基于巴音布鲁克地区雪岭云杉建立了树轮宽度年表(STD),计算年表和NDVI同气象观测数据的相关系数。结果表明:树轮宽度指数和NDVI均与同时段的气象数据具有显著相关。结合宽度年表与6—8月NDVI间的显著正相关(r=0.7,P＜0.01,n=38),使用回归模型重建了研究区过去339年的夏季(6—8月)NDVI变化序列,在1680—2018年,重建序列有4个高植被覆盖时段(1738—1765、1786—1798、1964—1973和2000—2018年)和5个低植被覆盖时段(1690—1714、1825—1834、1850—1880、1895—1920和1945—1955年)。重建结果也反映了天山中部水文气候。与周边重建的对比显示,当开都河径流量增加,且研究区处于较为潮湿的环境时,植被覆盖相对较高,反之植被覆盖偏低。重建序列的极值也捕捉了历史文献中一系列自然灾害。混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模型(HYSPLT)后向轨迹模型和风场分析表明,NDVI异常受到西风带来的降水影响。     

亚热带典型森林地上和地下凋落物输入对土壤新老有机碳动态平衡的影响

凋落物是森林土壤有机碳(SOC)形成、稳定和周转的重要影响因子。目前针对亚热带不同类型森林地上和地下凋落物对新SOC累积和老SOC输出动态平衡的影响仍不清楚。本研究以中亚热带常绿阔叶天然林、马尾松人工林和杉木人工林为对象,基于C3/C4植物-土壤置换试验,利用稳定同位素¹³C示踪方法开展3年野外定位试验,分析了森林地上、地下凋落物输入对SOC周转的影响。结果表明: 森林类型、凋落物处理和时间均能显著影响SOC含量、土壤δ¹³C值、新SOC和老SOC含量,且存在显著的森林类型×凋落物处理交互效应。地上和地下凋落物输入均能显著提高SOC含量和净增量,与杉木人工林相比,天然林SOC对凋落物输入的响应更敏感。凋落物输入显著降低了土壤δ¹³C值,且天然林、马尾松人工林土壤δ¹³C显著低于杉木人工林。在马尾松人工林,地下凋落物处理的新SOC含量显著高于地上凋落物;在天然林和马尾松人工林,地下凋落物输入处理的老SOC含量显著低于地上凋落物处理。此外,地上凋落物归还量和地下根生物量与SOC含量和净增量呈显著正相关,而地下根凋落物量和C/N与新SOC含量呈显著正相关。森林地下凋落物比地上凋落物输入对SOC周转的影响更重要,且不同森林凋落物输入对SOC的影响存在差异性。本研究可为揭示亚热带典型森林土壤有机碳库的形成和可持续管理提供依据。     

Current Status of Human Papillomavirus-Related Head and Neck Cancer: From Viral Genome to Patient Care

Virologica Sinica - Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection identified as a definitive human carcinogen is increasingly being recognized for its role in carcinogenesis of human cancers. Up to...     

苄非他明人工抗原合成

目的: 通过化学方法对苄非他明进行结构修饰并保留抗原决定簇,将结构改造后的产物与载体偶联合成苄非他明抗原。方法: 苄非他明经化学修饰后,增加活性基团连接上一类可用的经化学修饰的连接臂,使用碳二亚胺法与载体蛋白偶联成苄非他明人工合成抗原。该抗原通过紫外吸收光光谱扫描技术、SDS-PAGE电泳法及胶体金免疫层析法进行偶联效果和抗原活性的鉴定。结果: 苄非他明半抗原结构与载体偶联成功,该抗原具有较高的纯度和活性,与苄非他明抗体反应表现出较高的特异性。结论: 该方法合成的苄非他明抗原可用于免疫检测方法,也可作免疫原制备相关抗体。     

The novel peptide NbPPI1 identified from Nicotiana benthamiana triggers immune responses and enhances resistance against Phytophthora pathogens

In plants, recognition of small secreted peptides, such as damage/danger‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), regulates diverse processes, including stress and immune responses. Here, we identified an SGPS (Ser‐Gly‐Pro‐Ser) motif‐containing peptide, Nicotiana tabacum NtPROPPI, and its two homologs in Nicotiana benthamiana, NbPROPPI1 and NbPROPPI2. Phytophthora parasitica infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatment induced NbPROPPI1/2 expression. Moreover, SignalP predicted that the 89‐amino acid NtPROPPI includes a 24‐amino acid N‐terminal signal peptide and NbPROPPI1/2‐GFP fusion proteins were mainly localized to the periplasm. Transient expression of NbPROPPI1/2 inhibited P. parasitica colonization, and NbPROPPI1/2 knockdown rendered plants more susceptible to P. parasitica. An eight‐amino‐acid segment in the NbPROPPI1 C‐terminus was essential for its immune function and a synthetic 20‐residue peptide, NbPPI1, derived from the C‐terminus of NbPROPPI1 provoked significant immune responses in N. benthamiana. These responses led to enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases, and up‐regulation of the defense genes Flg22‐induced receptor‐like kinase (FRK) and WRKY DNA‐binding protein 33 (WRKY33). The NbPPI1‐induced defense responses require Brassinosteroid insensitive 1‐associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1). These results suggest that NbPPI1 functions as a DAMP in N. benthamiana; this novel DAMP provides a potentially useful target for improving plant resistance to Pytophthora pathogens.     

Effective methods for isolation and purification of extracellular vesicles from plants

Plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in the cross-kingdom trafficking of molecules from hosts to interacting microbes, most notably in plant defense responses. However, the isolation of pure, intact EVs from plants remains challenging. A variety of methods have been utilized to isolate plant EVs from apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). Here, we compare published plant EV isolation methods, and provide our recommended method for the isolation and purification of plant EVs. This method includes a detailed protocol for clean AWF collection from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, followed by EV isolation via differential centrifugation. To further separate and purify specific subclasses of EVs from heterogeneous vesicle populations, density gradient ultracentrifugation and immunoaffinity capture are then utilized. We found that immunoaffinity capture is the most precise method for specific EV subclass isolation when suitable specific EV biomarkers and their corresponding antibodies are available. Overall, this study provides a guide for the selection and optimization of EV isolation methods for desired downstream applications.