A crinoid concentration Lagerstätte in the Turonian (Late Cretaceous) Conulus Bed (Miechów-Wolbrom area, Poland)

More than one hundred centrodorsals of the comatulid crinoid Glenotremites paradoxus have been found in Turonian deposits (Upper Cretaceous) in the Miechów-Wolbrom area (southern Poland). This is the first dense occurrence of the genus Glenotremites in the Upper Cretaceous of Poland. Furthermore, so many individuals of this species in one level (the so-called Conulus Bed) forming a crinoid Konzentrat-Lagerstätte are very surprising because only disarticulated remains (cirrals and brachials) are encountered in the older (Cenomanian and earliest Turonian) and younger (late Turonian) deposits. The Glenotremites individuals are accompanied by isocrinids, which prove that stalked forms remained in shallow-water settings for some time after the initiation of the Mesozoic marine revolution.     

Cognitive aspects of food searching behavior in free-ranging wild Common Carp

Although laboratory experiments have shown that many fishes, Goldfish (Carassius auratus) in particular, employ relatively sophisticated orientation strategies to learn the location of food in laboratory arenas, this ability has not been rigorously tested in the natural environment. In this study we documented the ability of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), a close relative of Goldfish, to learn the location of newly introduced food in a lake. Two experiments were conducted, the first of which determined that carp feed largely at night. The second used this information and tracked the day- and night-time locations of 34 radio-tagged carp before and then while a food reward was introduced at a specific location in the lake for 10 days. Before the introduction of the reward, carp maintained small (∼100 m × 70 m), isolated home ranges which expanded slightly at night. This movement pattern changed after the reward was added when on the fourth night six radiotagged carp visited and exploited the reward and then returned to their home areas after sunrise. This pattern persisted for the rest of the experiment with increasing numbers of carp visiting the reward each night (21 of 34 carp visited on the tenth night) and returning to their home ranges each day. The speed and precision with which wild carp learned to exploit this reward is consistent with the social learning and spatial memory skills that they and their relatives have shown in laboratory arenas. This is particularly impressive given the turbid conditions in the lake and the lack of obvious visual landmarks.     

Kinetics of increased generation of (.)NO in endotoxaemic rats as measured by EPR

Ferrous-diethyldithiocarbamate (Fe(DETC)(2)) chelate is a lipophilic spin trap developed for (.)NO detection by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Using this spin trap we investigated the kinetics of (.)NO production in endotoxaemia in rats induced by lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli, 10 mg/kg). The NO-Fe(DETC)(2) complex was found to give a characteristic EPR signal, and the amplitude of the 3rd (high-field) component of its hyperfine splitting was used to monitor the level of (.)NO. We found that in blood, kidney, liver, heart and lung (.)NO production starts to increase as early as 2 h after LPS injection, reaches the maximum 6 h after LPS injection and then returns to basal level within further 12-18 h. Interestingly, in the eye bulb the maximum of (.)NO production was detected 12 h after LPS, and the signal was still pronounced 24 h after LPS. In brief, the highly lipophilic exogenous spin trap, Fe(DETC)(2) is well suited for assessment of (.)NO production in endotoxaemia. We demonstrated that the kinetics of increased production of (.)NO in endotoxaemic organs, with the notable exception of the eye, do not follow the known pattern of NOS-2 induction under those conditions. Accordingly, only in early endotoxaemia a high level of (.)NO is detected, while in late endotoxaemia (.)NO detectability is diminished most probably due to concomitant oxidant stress.     

Enhancement of epigastric skin flap survival by adenovirus-mediated VEGF gene therapy

A novel approach to treat ischemic tissues by using gene therapy has recently been introduced on the basis of the angiogenic potential of certain growth factors. The authors investigated the effect of adenovirus-mediated gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) delivered into the subdermal space to treat compromised skin flaps. For this purpose, the epigastric skin flap model in rats, based solely on the right inferior epigastric vessels, was used. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups of six rats each. Viral transfection with 108 plaque-forming units was performed 2 days before the epigastric flap elevation. Rats received subdermal injections of adenovirus encoding VEGF (Ad-VEGF) or green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP) as treatment control. Another set of animals (n = 6) received no injections and were designated as control. To determine whether site of injection had an impact on flap viability, injections were given into the predicted local ischemic area (Ad-VEGF local, n = 6; Ad-GFP local, n = 6) and into the midline of the flap (Ad-VEGF midline, n = 6; Ad-GFP midline, n = 6). A flap measuring 8 x 8 cm was outlined on the abdominal skin extending from the xiphoid process proximally and the pubic region distally, to the anterior axillary lines bilaterally. Then, the epigastric flap was elevated as an island on the right inferior epigastric vessels and sutured back to its bed. Flap viability was evaluated at 7 and 14 days after the first operation. The epigastric flaps were scanned to the computer and areas of hypoxic and/or necrotic zones relative to total flap surface area were measured and expressed as percentages by using Image Pro Plus software. Specimens were taken for histologic evaluation at day 14 before the animals were killed. Combined area of necrotic and hypoxic zones as well as necrotic zone were decreased to 9.7 +/- 1.4 percent and 1.4 +/- 0.9 percent in Ad-VEGF local, and 11.8 +/- 1.9 percent and 3.5 +/- 1.64 percent in Ad-VEGF midline compared with the control and Ad-GFP treatment groups (control, 23 +/- 3.6 percent and 20.1 +/- 3.3 percent; Ad-GFP local, 24.8 +/- 4.8 percent and 16.2 +/- 5.9 percent; and Ad-GFP midline, 23.4 +/- 6.9 percent and 19.5 +/- 7.7 percent; p < 0.05). Histologic evaluation by light microscopy failed to demonstrate any quantitative difference in vascularity of skin flaps between the treatment groups. In this study, the authors demonstrated that adenovirus-mediated gene therapy using VEGF enhanced epigastric skin flap survival, as confirmed by the significant reduction in combined area of necrotic and hypoxic zones of the flap. Compared with the control, both local and midline subdermal injections of Ad-VEGF showed improvement in overall flap survival by 57.9 and 48.7 percent, respectively. The results of this study raise the possibility of using adenovirus-mediated therapeutic angiogenesis for safer flap surgery in high-risk patients.     

Genomic,transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis of Oldenlandia corymbosa reveals the biosynthesis and mode of action of anti-cancer metabolites

Plants accumulate a vast array of secondary metabolites,which constitute a natural resource for pharmaceuticals.Oldenlandia corymbosa belongs to the Rubiaceae family,and has been used in traditional medicine to treat different diseases,including cancer.However,the active metabolites of the plant,their biosynthetic pathway and mode of action in cancer are unknown.To fill these gaps,we exposed this plant to eight different stress conditions and combined different omics data capturing gene expressi...     

Social associations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Insights from induced feeding aggregations for targeted management strategies

Heterogeneity in social interactions can have important consequences for the spread of information and diseases and consequently conservation and invasive species management. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are a highly social, ubiquitous, and invasive freshwater fish. Management strategies targeting foraging carp may be ideal because laboratory studies have suggested that carp can learn, have individual personalities, a unique diet, and often form large social groups. To examine social feeding behaviors of wild carp, we injected 344 carp with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and continuously monitored their feeding behaviors at multiple sites in a natural lake in Minnesota, USA. The high‐resolution, spatio‐temporal data were analyzed using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Based on these associations, we analyzed group size, feeding bout duration, and the heterogeneity and connectivity of carp social networks at foraging sites. Wild carp responded quickly to bait, forming aggregations most active from dusk to dawn. During the 2020 baiting period (20 days), 133 unique carp were detected 616,593 times. There was some evidence that feeding at multiple sites was constrained by basin geography, but not distance alone. GMM results suggested that feeding bouts were short, with frequent turnover of small groups. Individual foraging behavior was highly heterogeneous with Gini coefficients of 0.79 in 2020 and 0.66 in 2019. “Superfeeders”—those contributing to 80% of total cumulative detections (top 18% and top 29% of foragers in 2020 and 2019 respectively)—were more likely to be detected earlier at feeding stations, had larger body sizes, and had higher network measures of degree, weighted degree, and betweenness than non‐superfeeders. Overall, our results indicate that wild carp foraging is social, easily induced by bait, dominated by large‐bodied individuals, and potentially predictable, which suggests social behaviors could be leveraged in management of carp, one of the world''s most recognizable and invasive fish.     

Stem cells and pancreatic differentiation in vitro

Cell therapy using pancreatic islets would be a promising therapy to treat diabetes. But, because of the limited supply of human donor islets, other cellular sources have to be considered. Stem cells characterized by extensive proliferation and differentiation capacity may be a valuable source for the in vitro generation of islets. Insulin-producing cells derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells have been shown to reverse experimentally induced diabetes in animal models. However, the oncogenic properties of ES cells are critical in the context of clinical applications and efficient cell-lineage selection systems need to be established. Future studies have to demonstrate whether somatic stem cells residing in adult tissues, such as bone marrow, pancreatic ducts, intestine or liver may provide alternatives to generate functional pancreatic endocrine cells.