A simple haemolytic method for quantitation of the delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis from crude samples

A simple haemolytic assay method for quantitative estimation of the delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis from a crude preparation has been developed. The method has several advantages over mosquito-larvicidal methods of assay as it is inexpensive, highly sensitive and easier to run and can be used for performing a reasonably large number of assays rapidly with high precision and with a coefficient of variation that does not exceed 1.96%.     

Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants ofAnabaena variabilis impaired in nitrogen fixation

Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the cyanobacteriumAnabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 were isolated following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and post-treatment with metronidazole at 40°C. Of the 8000 clones isolated and tested, six mutants were conditionally lethal at the restrictive temperature (40°C). All the ts mutants exhibited differences in their rates of growth, chlorophyll content, pigment (phycocyanin and/or chlorophyll) ratios, heterocyst frequency, oxygen evolution and nitrogenase activity at the permissive temperature (28°C). A gradual loss of all the above features occurred after a period of 3 d at 40°C, followed by lysis of the cultures. Cessation of nitrogenase activity was found to be different in the different ts mutants. The temperature-sensitive nature of the mutants is suggested to be due to an impairment in iron metabolism since addition of ferric citrate to cultures at 40°C restored the ability to grow, produce heterocysts and fix nitrogen.     

Photoheterotrophic and chemoheterotrophic dinitrogen fixation and nitrate utilization by the cyanobacteriumAnabaena torulosa

Anabaena torulosa exhibited fructose-dependent growth, heterocyst differentiation and N₂ fixation in nitrate-free (diazotrophic) cultures in photoheterotrophic and chemoheterotrophic conditions. The incorporation of nitrate into such cultures inhibited the formation of heterocysts and N₂ fixation. The rate of NO ₃ ⁻ uptake byA. torulosa in photoautotrophic, photoheterotrophic and chemoheterotrophic conditions was similar but it increased by 100% in phototrophic conditions. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to be maximum in phototrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions. Ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase, nitrate reductase and glutamate-ammonia ligase activities suggest that nitrate utilization takes place in nonphotosynthetic conditions.     

Total cholesterol concentration in relation to superovulatory responses in crossbred cows

Blood serum total cholesterol levels of crossbred Taur-indicus donor cows (n=22), in their 1st to 4th parity, were studied as an indicator of embryo yield. These cows were superovulated either with FSH or PMSG + anti-PMSG on the 12th day of the synchronized estrous cycle. The total and transferable number of embryos did not differ significantly between the treatment groups. The number of corpora lutea and total and transferable embryos in donors having total cholesterol levels <140 mg/dl were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of cows having >140 mg/dl, indicating that low total cholesterol levels might adversely affect superovulatory response. Thus, estimation of total cholesterol concentrations of potential donors can be a useful tool for predicting superovulatory responses.     

Functional responses during the early larval stages of the charal fish Chirostoma riojai (Pisces: Atherinidae) fed rotifers and cladocerans

Survival during early fish larval stages depends largely upon the availability of appropriate prey. Studied were the functional responses from hatching to 6 weeks of age of whitefish (Charal) (Chirostoma riojai) larvae that were offered selected rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis and B. rubens) and cladocerans (Moina macrocopa and Ceriodaphnia dubia). The experiments were conducted in a 50 ml medium at a salinity of 2 g L^?1. Each treatment used four replicates. Rotifers were introduced at densities of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 individuals ml^?1 and cladocerans at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 4.8 and 6.4 individuals ml^?1. Two larvae, previously starved for 2 h, were introduced into each test jar and allowed to feed for 45 min. The difference between the initial and final zooplankton density represented prey consumption. C. riojai larvae showed Type II functional response curves, i.e. they consumed more zooplankton with increasing prey availability; above a certain prey density (8–16 individuals ml^?1 in rotifers and 3.2–6.4 individuals ml^?1 in cladocerans) the consumption rate tended to stabilize in most trials. Results are discussed in relation to aquaculture.     

Feeding the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus (Anostraca - Crustacea) with the rotifer Anuraeopsis

Laboratory-cultured Streptocephalus torvicornis were offered 8 concentrations (from 6 to 800 ind. ml^–1) of Anuraeopsis fissa for periods of 2 h 30 min. Two size classes, small (male: 14.7 mm± 1.6, female: 15.4 mm± 1.3) and large (male: 20.0 mm±2.0, female: 23.1 mm± 1.5), of S. torvicornis were used. Functional response for large S. torvicornis (both sexes) plateaued at 400 rotifers ml^–1, while in small specimens it did so at 200 prey ml^–1. Females consumed significantly more (30%) prey than males. Large males consumed maximum 4730 rotifers h^–1, females 6560 h^–1.     

In vivo replication of carcinogen-modified rat liver DNA: increased susceptibility of O6-methylguanine compared to N-7-methylguanine in replicated DNA to S1-nuclease

In order to characterize rat liver DNA replicated $\text{in}\text{vivo}$ on a carcinogen-damaged template, the replicated DNA was treated with S₁-nuclease and the release of (¹⁴C)-dimethyl-nitrosamine induced 0⁶-methylguanine, a lesion associated with miscoding and N-7-methylguanine, a lesion that does not miscode were monitored. The results indicated that both the methylated guanines became susceptible to S₁-nuclease upon replication. However, a greater percentage of 0⁶-methylguanine (22% of the total 0⁶-methylguanine present in the DNA) compared to N-7-methylguanine (4% of the total N-7-methylguanine present in the DNA) was rendered acid soluble by S₁-nuclease. The preferential release of 0⁶-methylguanine compared to N-7-methylguanine from replicated DNA was interpreted to indicate its occurrence in local denatured regions probably generated as a result of misbase pairing.     

Preliminary crystallographic data for lysozyme produced by Streptomyces erythraeus.

Crystals of lysozyme from Streptomyces erythraeus are orthorhombic, space group P2₁2₁2₁ with unit cell dimensions: $\text{a = 50.01}\text{A}\text{?}\text{, b = 61.98}\text{A}\text{?}$ and $\text{c = 67.85}\text{A}\text{?}$; and one molecule, of molecular weight about 18,500, per asymmetric unit.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the impact of ribose 2′-O-methylation on the aqueous solution conformation of cytidylyl-(3′ → 5′)-cytidine

In order to obtain information about the conformational characteristics at the nearestneighbor level in the 2′-O-methylated region of t-RNA, as well as in the bizarre 5′-terminus of eucaryotic mRNA, a detailed nuclear magnetic resonance study of 2′-O-methyl-cytidylyl-(3′ → 5′)-cytidine (CmpC) was conducted. Proton spectra were recorded at 270 MHz in the Fourier mode in D₂O solutions, 0.01M, pD 7.3 in the temperature range 5–80°C. Complete accurate sets of nmr parameters were derived for each of the nucleotidyl units by a combination of homo-nuclear decouplings and simulation iteration methods. The data were translated into conformational parameters using procedures developed in earlier studies from these laboratories. It is shown that the ribofuranose ring exists at a ²E ? ³E equilibrium with clear preference [(75–80)%] for the ³E mode. The C(4′)-C(5′) and C(5′)-O(5′) bonds form a stable conformational network with outspoken preference for conformers in which Ψ₁, Ψ₂ ? 60° and ?₂ ? 180°. The orientation of the 3′-phosphate and 2′-O-methyl groups is such that ?₁′ ? 210° and ?″ ? 60°. The phosphodiester bonds are flexible and shift trends for base, H(1′), and H(5″) suggest the existence of a conformational blend of right-handed stack (g^?g^?), left-handed stack (g⁺g⁺), and unstacked arrays (tg^? and tg⁺). Elevation of temperature perturbs the ²E ? ³E equilibrium accompanied with modest depopulation of ψ₁, ψ₂ ? 60° and ?₂ ? 180° conformers. The major effect of elevation of temperature is in the increase of unstacked arrays at the expense of g^?g^? and g⁺g⁺ conformers. The shift trend of Cmp-H(3′) with temperature shows that torsional variation about O(3′)-P is facilitated by increase in temperature and the preferred rotamer about O(3′)-P in the unstacked form is t (ω₁′ = 180°). A detailed comparison of the aqueous solution conformations of CpC and CmpC reveals that 2′-O-methylation causes: (i) a reduction in the magnitude of _χ1; (ii) an increase in the population of ³E pucker at the 3′-nucleotidyl unit; and (iii) modest perturbations in the O(3′)-P and P-O(5′) bond conformations. Comparison of the aqueous solution conformations of AmpA and CmpC makes clear that the conformational properties of pyrimidine-pyrimidine and purine-purine dimers which carry a 2′-O-methylated 3′-nucleotidyl unit are significantly different.