油茶SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立和优化

为了建立油茶SRAP-PCR扩增体系,本研究使用单因素试验设计,对反应体系的Taq酶、Mg2+、模板DNA、dNTP和引物浓度5个主要影响因子各设10个不同的水平梯度,筛选出适宜的因子范围;在此基础上,进一步采用L16(45)正交设计,对影响油茶SRAP-PCR反应体系的5个因素在4水平上进行优化,建立了油茶SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系,即25μL体积中包含模板DNA30ng,Mg2+2.8mmol/L,引物0.44μmol/L,dNTP0.2mmol/L和Taq酶1.0U。该SRAP-PCR体系的建立为油茶种质资源遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定及指纹图谱构建等研究提供了一个标准化的程序。     

广头叶蝉属六新种记述(半翅目,叶蝉科,广头叶蝉亚科)

记述广头叶蝉属Macropsis Lewis(半翅目,叶蝉科,广头叶蝉亚科)6新种,即褐背广头叶蝉M.castaneusLi et Liang,sp.nov.、细突广头叶蝉M.gracilis Li et Liang,sp.nov.、峨嵋广头叶蝉M.emeiensis Li et Liang,sp.nov.、王氏广头叶蝉M.wangi Li et Xu,sp.nov.、阜康广头叶蝉M.fukangensis Li et Xu,sp.nov.和凹瓣广头叶蝉M.concavus Li et Xu,sp.nov..模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所.     

中国横皱叶蝉属二新种记述(半翅目,叶蝉科,广头叶蝉亚科)

记述中国横皱叶蝉属Oncopsis Burmeister,1838(半翅目,叶蝉科,广头叶蝉亚科)2新种,即锚纹横皱叶蝉O.anchorous sp.nov.(中国:四川)和黑带横皱叶蝉O.nigrofasciatus sp.nov.(中国:青海),提供了2新种雄性生殖器的鉴别特征图及其与近缘种的区别特征.新种模式标本保存在贵州大学昆虫研究所.     

A 32 kDa protein--whose phosphorylation correlates with oncogenic Ras-induced cell cycle arrest in activated Xenopus egg extracts--is identified as ribosomal protein S6

Oncogenic Ras induces cell-cycle arrest in mammalian cells and in fertilized Xenopus eggs. How oncogenic Ras induces cell-cycle arrest remains unclear. We previously showed that oncogenic Ras induces cell-cycle arrest in activated Xenopus egg extracts (cycling extracts) and that the induced cell-cycle arrest correlates with hyperphosphorylation of a 32 kDa protein. However, the identity of the 32 kDa protein was not known. By using a sucrose density-gradient centrifugation, Triton X-100-acetic acid-urea (TAU)-gel electrophoresis, composite agarose-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (CAPAGE), SDS-PAGE, and partial tryptic peptide sequence analysis, the 32 kDa protein has now been identified as S6, a 40S subunit ribosomal protein. Hence, our results indicate that the oncogenic Ras-induced cell-cycle arrest is correlated with hyperphosphorylation of S6, suggesting that phosphorylation of S6 plays an important role in the induced cell-cycle arrest. It has been shown that conditional deletion of gene encoding S6 in mammalian cells prevents proliferation, demonstrating the importance of S6 in cell proliferation. The exact role S6 plays in cell proliferation is unclear. However, phosphorylation of S6 has been implicated in the regulation of protein synthesis. Thus, our results are consistent with the concept that oncogenic Ras induces S6 phosphorylation to influence protein synthesis, thereby contributing to the cell-cycle arrest. In addition, our results also demonstrate that composite agarose-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is suitable for the separation of large molecular complexes.     

Comparative Flower and Inflorescence Organogenesis among Genera of Betulaceae: Implications for Phylogenetic Relationships

Betulaceae have simple flowers but complex inflorescences. Recent phylogenetic analyses using molecular data have produced robust phylogenetic trees of Betulaceae. In this study, we evaluated the phylogenetic value of comparative organogenetic data of reproductive organs in the context of molecular phylogenies. Flower and inflorescence developmental processes of 21 species from all six genera in Betulaceae were documented with scanning electron microscopy. In each pistillate cyme, there are one primary bract, two secondary bracts, and two or three flowers in the six genera; only in Alnus are there two tertiary bracts on the abaxial side. The pistillate flower of all genera but Alnus has tepal primordia. Two tepals stop developing early on, resulting in the lack of tepals in mature flowers of Betula; while the tepals are initiated from a common circular primordium at the base of pistil in Corylus, Ostryopsis, Carpinus, and Ostrya, and the developed tepals with irregular shape and unstable number of lobes are adnate to the top of the pistil. In staminate organogenesis, each cyme has one primary bract and three flowers in all genera; two secondary bracts are only present in Alnus, Betula, and Corylus. Staminate flowers have no tepals except in Alnus and Betula, and exhibit high variation in number of stamens among genera. The number of secondary and tertiary bracts in each pistillate and staminate cyme, as well as the presence of tepals in pistillate and staminate flowers was clarified in all genera. Micro-morphological characters were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships of genera and sections of Betulaceae. Our analyses support the division of two subfamilies: Betuloideae (Alnus and Betula) and Coryloideae (Corylus, Carpinus, Ostrya, and Ostryopsis), and three tribes: Betuleae (Alnus and Betula), Coryleae (Corylus), and Carpineae (Carpinus, Ostrya, and Ostryopsis). The results agree with those from molecular phylogenetic studies, and suggest that micro-morphological characters are phylogenetically informative in Betulaceae, and reproductive organs of Betulaceae have evolved in the direction of reduction in bracts and tepals.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pm62</Emphasis>, an adult-plant powdery mildew resistance gene introgressed from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dasypyrum villosum</Emphasis> chromosome arm 2VL into wheat

Key message

Pm62, a novel adult-plant resistance (APR) gene against powdery mildew, was transferred from D. villosum into common wheat in the form of Robertsonian translocation T2BS.2VL#5.

Abstract

Powdery mildew, which is caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a major disease of wheat resulting in substantial yield and quality losses in many wheat production regions of the world. Introgression of resistance from wild species into common wheat has application for controlling this disease. A Triticum durum-Dasypyrum villosum chromosome 2V#5 disomic addition line, N59B-1 (2n?=?30), improved resistance to powdery mildew at the adult-plant stage, which was attributable to chromosome 2V#5. To transfer this resistance into bread wheat, a total of 298 BC₁F₁ plants derived from the crossing between N59B-1 and Chinese Spring were screened by combined genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization, 2V-specific marker analysis, and reaction to powdery mildew to confirm that a dominant adult-plant resistance gene, designated as Pm62, was located on chromosome 2VL#5. Subsequently, the 2VL#5 (2D) disomic substitution line (NAU1825) and the homozygous T2BS.2VL#5 Robertsonian translocation line (NAU1823), with normal plant vigor and full fertility, were identified by molecular and cytogenetic analyses of the BC₁F₂ generation. The effects of the T2BS.2VL#5 recombinant chromosome on agronomic traits were also evaluated in the F₂ segregation population. The results suggest that the translocated chromosome may have no distinct effect on plant height, 1000-kernel weight or flowering period, but a slight effect on spike length and seeds per spike. The translocation line NAU1823 has being utilized as a novel germplasm in breeding for powdery mildew resistance, and the effects of the T2BS.2VL#5 recombinant chromosome on yield-related and flour quality characters will be further assessed.