The Drosophila ribosomal protein L14-encoding gene, identified by a novel Minute mutation in a dense cluster of previously undescribed genes in cytogenetic region 66D

The Minute phenotype results from mutations at?>50 loci scattered throughout the genome of Drosophila. Common traits of the Minute phenotype are short and thin bristles, slow development, and recessive lethality. Here, we report a novel P-element induced Minute mutation, P{lacW}M(3)66D ¹ , that maps to region 66D on chromosome 3L. Flies heterozygous for P{lacW}M(3)66D ¹ have a strong Minute phenotype. Molecular characterisation of the chromosomal region revealed three previously undescribed Drosophila genes clustered within a 5-kb genomic fragment. Two of the genes have significant sequence homology to genes for the mammalian ribosomal proteins L14 and RD, respectively, and share a joint 240-bp promoter region harbouring the P-element insert. Quantitative Northern blot analyses showed the mutation to affect RPL14 mRNA levels only. Interestingly, the reduction in abundance of RPL14 mRNA is not constitutive, indicating that the promoter function abolished by the inserted P-element is utilised with different efficiencies in different developmental situations. Remobilisation of the P element produced wild-type flies with normal levels of RPL14 mRNA, demonstrating that the mutant phenotype is caused by the insertion. P{lacW}M(3)66D ¹ joins a growing list of Minute mutations associated with ribosomal protein-haploinsufficiency.     

Metabolism of thyrotropin releasing factor in two clonal cell lines of nervous system origin

Immunoreactive thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) was detected in homogenates of two clonal cell lines, BN1010-1 and BN1010-3, derived from a rat central nervous system tumor. TRF was present in logarithmically-growing cells; daily medium changes with slightly acid culture medium (pH 6.8) greatly increased the TRF content of these cells. In contrast, TRF could not be detected in stationary phase cells. TRF peptidases were <1% as active in homogenates of BN1010 cells as those in homogenates of guinea pig brain or hypothalamus. It is expected that these cells will provide an excellent model system for the study of various aspects of TRF metabolism.     

The effect of grass maturing and root decay on N2O production in soil

The N₂O flux from the surface of grass-covered pots was only significant following grass maturing. Removal of the above-ground plant material resulted in an immediate and long-lasting increase in N₂O production in the soil. The results suggest that easily available organic matter from the roots stimulates the denitrification when the plants are damaged. Grass cutting might therefore result in a marked nitrogen loss through denitrification. The quantitative effect was equal in soil with and without succinate added. The size of the anaerobic zone around the roots is therefore sufficient to allow for denitrification activity mediated by increased organic matter availability because of plant cutting.     

Chydorus arcticus n.sp., a new cladoceran crustacean (Chydoridae: Chydorinae) from the North Atlantic arctic and Subarctic areas

Chydorus arcticus n.sp. (Cladocera: Chydoridae: Chydorinae) is described, figured, and differentiated from the closely relatedC. sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1785). The known distribution of the species is given, and some aspects of speciation of arctic crustaceans are pointed out.     

Osmoregulation in Escherichia coli by accumulation of organic osmolytes: betaines,glutamic acid,and trehalose

Like other cyanobacteria, Chlorogloeopsis fritschii contained as major lipid classes monogalactosyldiacyl-glycerols, digalactosyldiacylglycerols, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols and diacylglycerophosphoglycerols. In addition to these lipid classes this cyanobacterium also contained small amounts of diacylglycerophosphocholines and sterols, predominantly lanosterol, thus showing similarity to photosynthetic eukaryotes. Dark incubated cells contained larger proportions of the latter two lipid classes than light grown cells. Like other prokaryotes, C. fritschii lacked linolenic acid (18:3) in its lipids. Lipids from the thylakoids were richer in palmitoleic acid (16:1) than those of whole cells. There was no effect of light on the patterns of constituent fatty acids of lipids from C. fritschii, in contrast to photosynthetic eukaryotes.Abbreviations MGDG Monogalactosyldiacylglycerols - PA Phosphatidic acids - PE Diacylglycerophosphoethanolamines - PG Diacylglycerophosphoethanolamines - DGDG Digalactosyldiacylglycerols - SQDG Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols - PC Diacylglycerophosphocholines     

Biosynthesis of the Cyanogenic Glucoside Dhurrin in Seedlings of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Partial Purification of the Enzyme System Involved

The cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin is rapidly synthesized in etiolated seedlings of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The dhurrin content of the seedlings increases sigmoidally with the germination time. Shoots of 10 centimeters height contain 850 nanomoles of dhurrin per shoot corresponding to 6% of the dry weight. The biosynthetic activity sharply rises upon germination and reaches a maximum level of 10 nanomoles dhurrin/(hour × shoot) after 48 hours when the shoots are 3 centimeters high. This maximum level is followed by a sharp decline in activity when germination time exceeds 65 hours. Dhurrin and the dhurrin-synthesizing enzyme system are primarily located in the upper part of the etiolated shoot where both are evenly distributed between the coleoptile, the primary leaves and the upper 0.5 centimeter of the first internode including the shoot apex. Dhurrin constitutes 30% of the dry weight of the upper 1.2 centimeter of 10 centimeter high shoots. The seed and root contain neither dhurrin nor the dhurrin-synthesizing enzyme system. The codistribution of dhurrin and the enzyme system throughout the seedling indicates that production and storage sites are located within the same cell. Purification of the dhurrin-synthesizing enzyme by gel filtration or by sucrose gradient centrifugations results in a tenfold increase in specific activity. Further purification is accompained by a decline in specific activity due to loss of essential components as demonstrated by reconstitution experiments.     

Regeneration of plants from hypocotyl protoplasts of rapessed (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) cultivars

Protoplast cultures were prepared from hypocotyls of ten spring rapeseed cultivars. Protoplasts from all genotypes tested formed calli, and shoots were regenerated from calli of nine of the genotypes at frequencies varying from 15 to 76%. The regenerating cultivars fell into a high regenerating group (>60% and a low regenerating group <25%).     

Extracellular and cell-bound lipase activity in relation to growth of Geotrichum candidum

Summary The imperfect fungus Geotrichum candidum produced extracellular lipase in a basic peptone-salt medium. By adding olive oil or Tween 80 to the basic medium the lipase yields could be enhanced and the maximal yields were found with Tween 80, which resulted in a sixfold increase in extracellular lipase activity as compared with basic medium. During the early phase of growth in medium with olive oil the proportion of cell-bound activity was higher than that of extracellular activity, and a delay in the secretion of extracellular lipase was found. The proportion of cell-bound activity from growth in basic medium and in basic medium with Tween 80 was lower than that of extracellular activity during the entire growth phase. Analyses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the lipase activity from growth in all three media could be ascribed to equivalent protein bands at 57 000 and 61 000 daltons. Immunodiffusion showed that the cell-bound preparation contained lipase that was immunologically identical with purified extracellular lipase from G. candidum.