生物传感器在食源性致病菌大肠杆菌O157∶H7检测中的应用进展

食源性致病菌是引发食物中毒的主要微生物，对人类的健康构成了重要威胁，也逐渐发展为公共卫生、食品工业部门高度重视的一个问题。近年来，因食源性致病菌产生的疾病在世界各地蔓延，其中，大肠杆菌O157∶H7是食源性致病菌种类中造成病死率较高的一种细菌，其感染剂量低、致病性强等特点引起研究人员和世界各国卫生组织的广泛关注。基于此，对大肠杆菌O157∶H7的检测方法及其演变进行了梳理和比较分析，并着重综述了生物传感器（biosensor）在其检测中的应用进展，以期为大肠杆菌O157∶H7快速、准确和可商业化的检测方法的研发提供参考。     

The role of biofoam in shielding spittlebug nymphs (Insecta,Hemiptera, Cercopidae) against bright light

1. Biofoam in spittlebugs has traditionally been seen as a defence against predation and a microclimate that reduces the risks of overheating and drying out. This study addresses the possible role of the foam as a light attenuator. 2. Nymphs exhibit higher mortalities when reared under brighter light (1800–2000 lux) than under less bright light (600–800 lux). At all developmental stages, photoavoidance is strongest when the nymphs are depleted of foam covers. First‐ and second‐instar nymphs appear to be the most vulnerable to exposures by bright light. 3. Smaller bubbles are more effective as light attenuators than are larger ones. As younger instars possess smaller canals from which bubbles are released and, furthermore, exhibit higher concentrations of proteins in bubble liquid, they can produce smaller‐sized bubbles and their foams are more effective at reducing light than are those of older nymphs. 4. The findings of this study show that most of the visible and UV radiation is reflected by the foam: transmittance of visible light was 15% at 600 nm and 12% at 350 nm. 5. These results demonstrate that spittlebug foam also possesses properties that render it an effective barrier against potentially damaging solar radiation.     

陕北黄土区雨季后山地枣林土壤水分动态变化研究

选取陕北延川县齐家山红枣试验基地枣林地、苹果林地和撂荒草地为研究对象进行土壤水分动态变化研究，结果表明：①不同坡位、不同坡向和不同整地方式的枣林地土壤水分存在显著差异；其中，研究区下坡位土壤水分最高，为14.19%；阴坡土壤水分最高，为14.19%；水平阶整地枣林土壤水分显著高于原状坡。②研究区不同植被类型间土壤水分垂直变化趋势基本一致。枣林地土壤水分最高，为11.49%；不同植被类型0~100 cm土壤贮水量依次表现为枣林地（144.76 mm） > 苹果林地（124.19 mm） > 撂荒草地（72.20 mm）。③不同植被类型土壤贮水亏缺度存在差异。雨季前，0~20 cm土层亏缺度最小，平均亏缺度表现为撂荒草地 > 枣林 > 苹果林；雨季后，土壤水分亏缺度表现为撂荒草地 > 苹果 > 枣林，除枣林地外均高于雨季前土壤水分亏缺度。④雨季后，研究区3种植被类型0~20 cm土层土壤水分亏缺加剧；20~100 cm土层中，枣林土壤贮水补偿度为正值，土壤水分得到补偿，但最高仅为22.95%，枣林土壤水分仍处于亏缺状态并未完全恢复；苹果林地土壤贮水补偿度则为负值，表明土壤水分亏缺进一步加剧；撂荒草地土壤水分补偿度基本维持在0左右，土壤水分亏缺没有持续恶化。     

A new tropiduchid planthopper genus and species from China with descriptions of in copula genitalic structures (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)

Abstract The new planthopper taxon, Garumnella bella gen.n. , sp.n. , from Xizang, China, is described and illustrated, including external morphology of adult and eggs and structures of the male and female genitalia. The new genus is compared with Garumna Melichar and Paragarumna Muir, resulting in Paragarumna ( syn.n. ) being placed as a junior synonym of Garumna, with two new combinations, i.e. Garumna pseudolepida (Muir) comb.n. and Garumna melichari Baker comb.rev. New locality records for Garumna species are given. The morphology of the genitalia and egg of a copulating pair of the new genus is investigated. The female has a ventrally sclerotized posterior vagina forming a torsion groove, an unusual long membranous anterior vagina and an enlarged common oviduct. During copulation both the aedeagus and the torsion groove appear tightly interlocked, which may help to maintain the copulatory position. The aedeagus is observed in the bursa copulatrix.     

基于GC-MS代谢组学技术委陵菜与星毛委陵菜的初生代谢比较研究

为明确药用植物委陵菜与其同属植物星毛委陵菜在不同基原之间的代谢差异，更有效的利用药用植物资源。基于气相色谱与质谱联用技术对两药用植物间的小分子初生代谢物进行非靶向代谢组学分析，利用主成分分析和偏最小二乘法分析，寻找可区分两物种的差异代谢物以及在初生代谢途径上的差异。结果：利用GC-MS在两植物中共检测到134个色谱峰，通过与数据库比对，共鉴定出43种初生代谢产物。PCA分析结果显示代谢物在委陵菜和星毛委陵菜间的分布有较大的差异；采用OPLS-DA筛选获得导致2物种区分的差异代谢物共33种，两物种在半乳糖代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、氨酰生物合成、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢和果糖和甘露糖代谢途径有显著的差异。委陵菜和星毛委陵菜的初生代谢方面存在较大差异，虽然两植物来源于同科同属植物，但是星毛委陵菜不适合代替委陵菜作为药材使用。     

Lysozymes in insects: what role do they play in nitrogen metabolism?

Abstract. Lysozymes are widely distributed in many organisms as one of the components of defence mechanisms. In herbivores, when nitrogen is not contained in sufficient amounts in the diet, bacteria lysed by stomach lysozymes are used as sources of nitrogen. In ruminants, lysozymes function as digestive enzymes in the true stomach. A convergence of amino acid sequence has been shown between the stomach lysozymes of different ruminants, and similar lysozymes have recently been reported in the gut or salivary gland of insects. In this mini review, the enzymatic and ecological functions of lysozymes in insects, particularly in termites, are introduced, together with future studies that are needed in this field.     

基于改进三维生态足迹模型的洞庭湖区生态可持续时空演化研究

洞庭湖是长江流域重要的调蓄湖泊，也是中国重要的农产品主产区。科学评估洞庭湖区生态可持续状态，揭示其时空演化特征，对探究其生态可持续影响因素与作用机理，降低生态赤字具有重要意义。基于碳足迹与生态足迹理论构建了改进的三维生态足迹模型，填补了化石能源无法核算生态承载力的问题，同时调整了不同土地利用类型的参数因子。在对洞庭湖区25个区县进行可持续发展的动态评价分析中，计算了2000—2019年生态赤字、足迹广度与深度的时空分布特征。研究结果表明：(1)近20年来洞庭湖区的人均生态足迹增长速度远高于人均生态承载力，致使人均生态赤字在时间维度上不断增大，空间维度上呈湖滨向周边地区扩散的趋势；(2)洞庭湖区除林地之外的土地利用类型均存在自然资本存量的消耗，且表现为高生态赤字；(3)三次产业结构的分配、土地利用的变化、居民对生活质量的提高以及生态保护政策的有效实施等均会对洞庭湖区的可持续发展产生较大影响；(4)改进后的化石能源账户相较于传统账户的计算方法更能反映真实的碳排量与碳吸收量。研究以期为洞庭湖区土地利用、生态保护以及促进社会经济可持续发展提供科学参考。