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11.
Nobuhito Ikeuchi Akihiro Hosoi Makoto Kurachi Shin-ichiro Fujii Koji Matsushima Kazuhiro Kakimi 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2010,392(2):217-222
To develop a novel dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine for inducing antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses by cross-presentation, we tested a novel antigen delivery system that introduces soluble antigens into the cytosol of cells by an endocytosis-mediated mechanism which avoids damaging the plasma membrane (“Endo-Porter”™). Proteins released from endosomes into the cytoplasm are degraded by the proteasome, and fragmented antigenic peptides are presented to the classical cytosolic MHC class I pathway. DCs pulsed with OVA protein in the presence of Endo-Porter efficiently stimulate OVA peptide-specific CD8+ T (OT-I) cells. Although this agent diverts some of the endocytosed antigens away from the classical MHC class II-restricted presentation pathway to the class I pathway, the activation of CD4+ T cells was found not to be hampered by Endo-Porter-mediated antigen delivery. On the contrary, it was rather augmented, probably due to the increased uptake of antigen. Because specific CD4+ T cell help is required to license DCs for cross-priming, Endo-Porter-mediated antigen delivery is a promising approach for developing more efficient cancer vaccines targeting both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. 相似文献
12.
Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences with sequence data of some bacterial species of Pasteurellaceae related to rodents deposited in GenBank was performed along with biochemical characterization for the 20 strains of V-factor
dependent members of Pasteurellaceae derived from laboratory rats to obtain basic information and to investigate the taxonomic positions. The results of biochemical
tests for all strains were identical except for three tests, the ornithine decarboxylase test, and fermentation tests of D(+)
mannose and D(+) xylose. The biochemical properties of 8 of 20 strains that showed negative results for the fermentation test
of D(+) xylose agreed with those of Haemophilus parainfluenzae complex. By phylogenetic analysis, the strains were divided into two clusters that agreed with the results of the fermentation
test of xylose (group I: negative reaction for xylose, group II: positive reaction for xylose). The clusters were independent
of other bacterial species of Pasteurellaceae tested. The sequences of the strains in group I showed 99.7–99.8% similarity and the strains in group II showed 99.3–99.7%
similarity. None of the strains in group I had a close relation with Haemophilus parainfluenzae by phylogenetic analysis, although they showed the same biochemical properties. In conclusion, the strains had characteristic
biochemical properties and formed two independent groups within the “rodent cluster” of Pasteurellaceae that differed in the results of the fermentation test of xylose. Therefore, they seemed to be hitherto undescribed taxa in
Pasteurellaceae. 相似文献
13.
14.
Kazuo GOTO Eri KUWAYAMA Ryoko NOZU Masami UENO Nobuhito HAYASHIMOTO 《Experimental Animals》2015,64(2):191-197
In this study, hypochlorous acid solution, a weak acid, provided as drinking water to
rats, was evaluated for its ability to eradicate and prevent Pseudomonas
aeruginosa infection, while monitoring its simultaneous effect on serum
biochemical variables and microbiota in the rat cecum. The results suggest that the
solution could not eliminate the bacteria in the experimentally infected rats; however,
the administration of a 10-parts-per-million (ppm) hypochlorous acid solution as drinking
water was effective in inhibiting horizontal spread of P. aeruginosa
infection among cage mates. Additionally, exposure to hypochlorous solution did not have
any effect on serum biochemical variables of the rat including levels of total
cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline
phosphatase (ALP), albumin, total bilirubin, lipase, amylase, urea nitrogen, total
protein, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), except for potassium
(K) levels. The most frequently isolated bacteria in the rat cecum included species
belonging to Bacteroidales, Lactobacillus,
Clostridiales, Erysipelotrichaceae,
Akkermansia, Coriobacteriales, and
Firmicutes. The ratio of the terminal restriction fragment length
polymorphism (T-RFLP) peaks did not differ across rats administered with 5 and 10 ppm weak
acid solution as compared to the control group for any of the bacteria, except for
Erysipelotrichaceae and Firmicutes, where the ratio of
T-RFLP peaks was higher in the 5 ppm group for Erysipelotrichaceae and in
the 10 ppm group for Firmicutes than that in the control group
(P<0.01). The results suggest that the weak acid hypochlorous
solution could not eradicate P. aeruginosa completely from rats. The
solution was effective in preventing infection without affecting serum biochemical
variables; however, some of bacterial microbiota may have changed due to administration of
the solution. 相似文献
15.
Successful social interaction depends on not only the ability to identify with others but also the ability to distinguish between aspects of self and others. Although there is considerable knowledge of a shared neural substrate between self-action and others' action, it remains unknown where and how in the brain the action of others is uniquely represented. Exploring such agent-specific neural codes is important because one's action and intention can differ between individuals. Moreover, the assignment of social agency breaks down in a range of mental disorders. Here, using two monkeys monitoring each other's action for adaptive behavioral planning, we show that the medial frontal cortex (MFC) contains a group of neurons that selectively encode others' action. These neurons, observed in both dominant and submissive monkeys, were significantly more prevalent in the dorsomedial convexity region of the MFC including the pre-supplementary motor area than in the cingulate sulcus region of the MFC including the rostral cingulate motor area. Further tests revealed that the difference in neuronal activity was not due to gaze direction or muscular activity. We suggest that the MFC is involved in self-other differentiation in the domain of motor action and provides a fundamental neural signal for social learning. 相似文献
16.
Kaneda K Saitoh F Shibusawa H Maegawa H Saniabadi AR Kashiwagi N Matsukawa A 《Cytokine》2011,56(2):508-514
Activated neutrophils and monocytes produce interleukin (IL)-8, a pro-inflammatory chemokine, but also IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. We were interested to see the profiles of IL-8 and IL-1ra in the colonic tissue and in the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) during the development of immune complex induced colitis in rabbits. IL-1ra and IL-8 in PBL were measured in 26 rabbits at time 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h after induction of colitis. The colons were removed at 48 h for measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO), ulcer area, IL-1ra and IL-8. Epithelial damage, crypt abscess formation and leukocyte infiltration of the colonic tissue were major features of this colitis model. During the development of colitis, there was an increase in circulating neutrophils and monocytes (P < 0.0001), but not lymphocytes. Likewise, elevated amounts of IL-1ra (P = 0.0001) and IL-8 (P = 0.0219) production by PBL were observed following induction of colitis. Flow cytometry revealed major source of IL-1ra was monocytes, while the main sources of IL-8 were neutrophils and monocytes. There was correlation between MPO and ulcer area (Rs = 0.6327, P < 0.0001). At 24 h, PBL from MPOHigh group (n = 11) showed increased IL-1ra (P = 0.027) and IL-8 (P = 0.0128) levels vs MPOLow group (n = 15). IL-8 production by PBL showed correlation with tissue MPO (Rs = 0.4273, P = 0.0295). The colitis in this model was associated with an increase in circulating monocytes and neutrophils, which released increased amounts of IL-8 and IL-1ra. Further, IL-8 and IL-1ra showed correlation with the severity of colitis. These observations should significantly further understandings on the role of neutrophils and monocytes in the immunopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. 相似文献
17.
18.
Kimiaki Saito Nobuhito Ishigure Nina Petoussi-Henss Helmut Schlattl 《Radiation and environmental biophysics》2012,51(4):411-423
In order to provide fundamental data required for dose evaluation due to environmental exposures, effective dose conversion coefficients, that is, the effective dose rate per unit activity per unit area, were calculated for a number of potentially important radionuclides, assuming an exponential distribution in ground, over a wide range of relaxation depths. The conversion coefficients were calculated for adults and a new-born baby on the basis of dosimetric methods that the authors and related researchers have previously developed, using Monte Carlo simulations and anthropomorphic computational phantoms. The differences in effective dose conversion coefficients due to body size between the adult and baby phantoms were found to lie within 50?%, for most cases; however, for some low energies, differences could amount to a factor of 3. The effective dose per unit source intensity per area was found to decrease by a factor of 2–5, for increasing relaxation depths from 0 to 5?g/cm2, above a source energy of 50?keV. It is also shown that implementation of the calculated coefficients into the computation of the tissue weighting factors and the adult reference computational phantoms of ICRP Publication 103 does not significantly influence the effective dose conversion coefficients of the environment. Consequently, the coefficients shown in this paper could be applied for the evaluation of effective doses, as defined according to both recommendations of ICRP Publications 103 and 60. 相似文献
19.
Kakizawa S Yamazawa T Chen Y Ito A Murayama T Oyamada H Kurebayashi N Sato O Watanabe M Mori N Oguchi K Sakurai T Takeshima H Saito N Iino M 《The EMBO journal》2012,31(2):417-428
Mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) stores regulates a multitude of cellular functions, but the role of intracellular Ca(2+) release via the ryanodine receptor (RyR) in the brain remains incompletely understood. We found that nitric oxide (NO) directly activates RyRs, which induce Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores of central neurons, and thereby promote prolonged Ca(2+) signalling in the brain. Reversible S-nitrosylation of type 1 RyR (RyR1) triggers this Ca(2+) release. NO-induced Ca(2+) release (NICR) is evoked by type 1 NO synthase-dependent NO production during neural firing, and is essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. NO production has also been implicated in pathological conditions including ischaemic brain injury, and our results suggest that NICR is involved in NO-induced neuronal cell death. These findings suggest that NICR via RyR1 plays a regulatory role in the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the brain. 相似文献
20.
Nobuhito Ohte 《Ecological Research》2012,27(4):657-665
In recent decades, the seasonal variation in NO3 ? discharge from forest ecosystems has been used increasingly by ecologists and hydrologists as a diagnostic indicator of the nutrient status of ecosystems. Major factors underlying the seasonal patterns of stream NO3 ? concentration include seasonal variations in (1) ecosystem nutrient demand, (2) solute transport capability of the hydrological condition, and (3) in-stream nutrient usage and supply. In this article I show how case studies have helped elucidate the dominant controlling factors by comparing data from Japanese catchments with previously compiled data from studies in North America and Europe. Moreover, I explain the different influences that hydrological and biogeochemical controls exert in regions with rainy (Japan) and dry (northeastern United States and Europe) summers. The seasonal variation in hydrological conditions is the predominant controlling factor in Japanese forests, whereas nutrient demand may predominate in the northeastern United States and Europe. I emphasize the importance of comparing seasonal patterns among regions with differing climates to obtain more universal explanations of seasonal variations in NO3 ?-related biogeochemical and hydrological dynamics in a forest ecosystem. In addition, multi-scale investigations will be needed to provide insight into the relative contributions of hillslope biogeochemical effects and in-stream biological activities. 相似文献