Characterization of exoglucanase and synergistic hydrolysis of cellulose in Clostridium stercorarium

Abstract A cellobiohydrolase component was isolated from an anaerobic thermophilic cellulolytic bacterium, Clostridium stercorarium . When acting alone, the enzyme showed minimal activity towards ordered substrates such as cellulose and filter paper but it has been shown to attack phosphoric-acid swollen cellulose giving cellobiose as principal product. When recombined with endoglucanase it did allow an extensive hydrolysis demonstrating a marked synergism in the action of those two components; the addition of β-glucosidase resulted in a further increase in activity.     

Influence of dicarboxylic phosphatidylcholines on phosphatidylcholine liposomes as revealed by gel chromatography and electron microscopy

The effect of dicarboxylic phosphatidylcholines (glutarylphosphatidylcholine) on the structural changes of phosphatidylcholine liposomes is examined by using multilamellar liposomes prepared with egg phosphatidylcholine or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and by varying the surface charge by addition of dicetyl phosphate. Investigations are performed by gel chromatography and electron microscopy. Glutarylphosphatidylcholine is in micellar form (rod-like micelles or globular micelles). The structures obtained depend on the fatty acid saturation of liposomes and on the charge of liposome (addition or not of dicetyl phosphate). With egg phosphatidylcholine/glutarylphosphatidylcholine dispersions, an aspect more similar to myelinic figures than liposomes is observed, while in the presence of dicetyl phosphate, liposomes similar to control egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes are obtained. Gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B and turbidity measurements prove that dicetyl phosphate increases the stability of egg phosphatidylcholine/glutarylphosphatidylcholine mixtures. On the other hand, in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/glutarylphosphatidylcholine dispersions, incorporation of dicetyl phosphate destabilizes bilayer structure and the formation of mixed micelles occurs. Viscosity measurement shows, in the presence of dicetyl phosphate, an increased fluidity for dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/glutarylphosphatidylcholine dispersions, in agreement with the micellar organization. These data confirm that the disorganization of liposomal membranes by dicarboxylic phosphatidylcholine depends on the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine and on the presence of dicetyl phosphate.     

Mitochondrial DNA evolution in lagomorphs: Origin of systematic heteroplasmy and organization of diversity in European rabbits

Summary A characterization was conducted on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules extracted separately from 107 European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) both wild and domestic, 13 European hares (Lepus capensis), and 1 eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus). Experimentally this study took into account restriction site polymorphism, overall length variation of the noncoding region, and numbers of repeated sequences. Nucleotide divergences indicate that the mtDNAs from the three species derived from a common ancestor some 6–8 million years (Myr) ago. Every animal appeared heteroplasmic for a set of molecules with various lengths of the noncoding region and variable numbers of repeated sequences that contribute to them. This systematic heteroplasmy, most probably generated by a rate of localized mtDNA rearrangements high enough to counterbalance the cellular segregation of rearranged molecules, is a shared derived character of leporids.The geographic distribution of mtDNA polymorphism among wild rabbit populations over the western European basin shows that two molecular lineages are represented, one in southern Spain, the second over northern Spain, France, and Tunisia. These two lineages derived from a common ancestor some 2 Myr ago. Their present geographical distribution may be correlated to the separation of rabbits into two stocks at the time of Mindel glaciation.Finally the distribution of mtDNA diversity exhibits a mosaic pattern both at inter- and intrapopulation levels.     

Fibronectin gene expression in proliferating, quiescent, and SV40-infected mouse kidney cells

To study alterations in cellular gene expression in mouse kidney cell cultures infected with simian virus 40 (SV40) or polyomavirus, we performed a differential screening of a mouse kidney cDNA library with probes prepared from mRNAs of virus-infected and mock-infected cells. We isolated and characterized cDNA recombinant pKT13 which detected increased mRNA levels in infected cells. Sequence analysis of pKT13 revealed close to 100% homology with the 3'-end of mouse fibronectin (FN) mRNA. Since primary cultures of baby mouse kidney cells have been extensively characterized in our laboratories, we studied FN gene expression at different stages of uninfected and virus-infected cultures. High levels of FN and of its mRNA were found in the kidneys of suckling mice, while in primary cultures of proliferating epithelial kidney cells the expression of FN was very low until the cultures became confluent. Thereafter FN increased and reached high levels in cells which were irreversibly arrested in phase Go and which had apparently exhausted their finite division potential. Infection of confluent cultures with polyomavirus or SV40 resulted in a further stimulation of FN gene expression. However, during abortive infection with SV40, FN mRNA and FN levels decreased with emergence of transformed cells and were low in an established SV40-transformed mouse kidney cell line. These changes in FN gene expression suggest that high levels of FN might be indicative in vivo for terminal differentiation and in vitro for cellular senescence.     

Differential expression of heat shock proteins in Drosophila embryonic cells following metal ion exposure

Drosophila embryonic cells were exposed to a number of metal ions that have been previously reported to act as teratogens in mammalian systems, including some known to induce heat shock (stress) proteins in a variety of model systems. This study examined the effects of these ions both on differentiation of muscles and neurons and on the induction of heat shock proteins. Metals such as arsenate, cadmium, and mercury all inhibited neuron and/or muscle differentiation in Drosophila embryonic cultures, while they also induced the entire set of heat shock proteins. Two metal ions, nickel and zinc, were shown to induce only the 22-and 23-K proteins, a pattern similar to that seen in “classical” teratogens reported previously. None of the metals tested induced only the 26-and 27-K proteins. These results suggest that there exist different regulatory mechanisms responsible for the heat shock response.     

Effects of invertebrate predation on the seasonal succession of a zooplankton community: a two year study in Lake Aydat,France

Saline playa lakes represent major geomorphic and hydrologic components of internal drainage basins in the arid to semiarid interior of Australia. These lakes mark the outcrop areas of regional shallow groundwater; thus, they are effective hydro-chemical sinks for elemental concentration and authigenic formation of carbonate, evaporite, and silica/silicate minerals.Field observations and petrochemical characterization of playa sediments from drainage basins in Western and Central Australia indicate that localized discharge of groundwater, from shallow aquifers in calcrete deposits, plays a fundamental role in geochemical evolution of playa-lake marginal facies. The available data indicates also that although evaporative concentration and salt recycling are major controls on geochemistry of the playas, yet a simple evaporative concentration model does not provide a complete explanation for brine evolution and particularly the geochemical process-product relationships observed in the individual playa lakes. The distribution of the chemical facies in the playas, in relation to geomorphic setting of the internal drainage basins, reflects a significant impact of variation in groundwater discharge pattern on the geochemical evolution of the playa lakes. Accordingly, the development of chemical facies in individual playas have progressed through repeated episodes of evaporative concentration, groundwater-level fluctuations and ion-exchange processes.     

Modifications of ganglioside composition in peripheral nerve of myelin deficient trembler mutant mouse

Ganglioside distribution was studied in peripheral nerves of normal controls and those of Trembler mutant mouse with defect in Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. Neuraminic acid content was considerably decreased in the mutant. Ganglioside distribution as evaluated by densitometry of resorcinol positive spots on thin-layer chromatography revealed a major peak for GDl_a in normal controls. In the mutant, the relative proportion was modified with qualitative modifications in the GDl_a area and a tremendous increase in GM₃ content. The relation with the intense Schwann cell proliferation observed in the mutant is discussed.     

Differentiation of Ca2+ pumps linked to plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum in the microsomal fraction from intestinal smooth muscle

ATP promotes ⁴⁵Ca uptake by the microsomal fraction from the longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum and this uptake is stimulated by oxalate. As the microsomal fraction is made up of various subcellular entities, we examined the localization of the Ca²⁺-transport activity by density gradient centrifugation, taking advantage of the selective effect of digitonin (at low concentration) on the density of plasmalemmal elements. When the ⁴⁵Ca-uptake activity was measured in the absence of oxalate, its behavior in subfractionation experiments closely paralleled that of the plasmalemmal marker 5′-nucleotidase. In contrast, the additional Ca²⁺-transport activity elicited by oxalate behaved like NADH-cytochrome $\text{c}$ reductase, a putative endoplasmic reticulum marker. The endoplasmic reticulum vesicles constituted only a small part of the membranes in the microsomal fraction, which explains that their Ca²⁺-storage capacity was not detectable in the absence of Ca²⁺-trapping agent. Low digitonin concentrations selectively increased the Ca²⁺ permeability of the plasmalemmal vesicles. The two Ca²⁺-transport activities were further differentiated by their distinct sensitivities to K⁺, vanadate and calmodulin. In this respect, the oxalte-insensitive and oxalate-stimulated Ca²⁺-transport systems resembled, respectively, the sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ pumps in cardiac and skeletal muscle, in accordance with the subcellular locations established by density gradient centrifugation.     

The structure of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes: a model

Phycobilisomes, supramolecular complexes of water-soluble accessory pigments, serve as the major light-harvesting antennae in cyanobacteria and red algae. Regular arrays of these organelles are found on the surface of the thylakoid membranes of these organisms. In the present study, the hemi-discoidal phycobilisomes of several species of cyanobacteria were examined in thin sections of cells and by negative staining after isolation and fixation. Their fundamental structures were found to be the same. Isolated phycobilisomes possessed a triangular core assembled from three stacks of disc-shaped subunits. Each stack contained two discs which were 12 nm in diameter and 6–7 nm thick. Each of these discs was probably subdivided into halves 3–3.5 nm thick. Radiating from each of two sides of the triangular core were three rods 12 nm in diameter. Each rod consisted of stacks of 2 to 6 disc-shaped subunits 6 nm thick. These discs were subdivided into halves 3 nm thick.The average number of discs of 6 nm thickness forming the peripheral rods varied among the strains studied. For certain chromatically adapting strains, the average rod length was dependent upon the wavelength of light to which cells were exposed during growth. Analyses of phycobilisomes by spectroscopic techniques, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy were compared. These analyses suggested that the triangular core was composed of allophycocyanin and that the peripheral rods contained phycocyanin and phycoerythrin (when present). A detailed model of the hemi-discoidal phycobilisome is proposed. This model can account for many aspects of phycobiliprotein assembly and energy transfer.Abbreviations PBS phycobilisome(s) - PBP phycobiliprotein(s) - AP allophycocyanin - PC phycocyanin - PE phycoerythrin - PEC phycoerythrocyanin - AP-B allophycocyanin B - C- cyanobacterial - R- rhodophytan - B- Bangiophycean - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - LPP Lyngbya-Plectonema-Phormidium group - Na-KPO₄ buffers NaH₂PO₄ titrated with a solution of KH₂PO₄ of equivalent molarity to a given pH     

Evidence for a multiple innervation of purkinje cells by climbing fibers in the immature rat cerebellum

Climbing fiber (CF)–-Purkinje cell (PC) relationships were studied electrophysiologically on the cerebellum of 8 to 15 day old rats. Some animals were rendered agranular by x-irradiation from birth; some others were treated with 3-acetyl pyridine 3 days before study to selectively destroy the CF. Unitary extracellular recordings in 8–9 day old normal rats revealed that more than 50μ of the PC units each exhibited either two types of all-or-none climbing fiber responses (CFR) or stepwise graded CFRs. The other PC units only presented one type of all-or-none CFR. These activities were entirely mediated via CF since they persisted at the same age in x-irradiated rats, but were absent in animals treated with 3-acetyl pyridine. Interaction experiments were performed between juxtafastigial and Inferior Olive stimulations on 49 PC units in 8–9 day old normal rats. Collisions between impulses set up in CFs were disclosed in 21 out of the 24 PCs which exhibited only one type of CFR. In the three others and in each of the 25 PCs that displayed two types of all-or-none CFRs, or CFRs graded by steps, no collision was detected. Moreover intracellular recordings of epsp's mediated via CFs in PCs of 8–9 day old normal rats revealed that they frequently fluctuated in stepwise fashion. These results demonstrate that in the immature rat more than 50μ of PCs are each innervated by at least two distinct CFs; later on, the disappearance of the supernumerary synapses between CF and PC leads, as early as day 15, to the one-to-one relationship between CF and PC.