全文获取类型
收费全文 | 532164篇 |
免费 | 56638篇 |
国内免费 | 389篇 |
专业分类
589191篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 5013篇 |
2016年 | 6690篇 |
2015年 | 8308篇 |
2014年 | 9991篇 |
2013年 | 14333篇 |
2012年 | 15963篇 |
2011年 | 16655篇 |
2010年 | 11313篇 |
2009年 | 10114篇 |
2008年 | 14555篇 |
2007年 | 15205篇 |
2006年 | 14247篇 |
2005年 | 13722篇 |
2004年 | 13660篇 |
2003年 | 13303篇 |
2002年 | 13048篇 |
2001年 | 24262篇 |
2000年 | 24392篇 |
1999年 | 19182篇 |
1998年 | 6321篇 |
1997年 | 6519篇 |
1996年 | 6246篇 |
1995年 | 5897篇 |
1994年 | 5836篇 |
1993年 | 5706篇 |
1992年 | 15903篇 |
1991年 | 15395篇 |
1990年 | 15263篇 |
1989年 | 14813篇 |
1988年 | 13778篇 |
1987年 | 13211篇 |
1986年 | 11868篇 |
1985年 | 12243篇 |
1984年 | 9995篇 |
1983年 | 8700篇 |
1982年 | 6555篇 |
1981年 | 5902篇 |
1980年 | 5547篇 |
1979年 | 9698篇 |
1978年 | 7364篇 |
1977年 | 6788篇 |
1976年 | 6485篇 |
1975年 | 7210篇 |
1974年 | 7743篇 |
1973年 | 7830篇 |
1972年 | 7041篇 |
1971年 | 6556篇 |
1970年 | 5676篇 |
1969年 | 5416篇 |
1968年 | 4977篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
951.
I Barrai R Barale C Scapoli P Ambrosino M Beretta C Sbrana R Micheletti N Loprieno 《Mutation research》1992,267(2):173-182
The statistical methods for the analysis of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity underwent considerable theoretical-practical development following the need for assessing the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of substances. Antimutagenicity is investigated through the analysis of respondents in dose-response assays, when two different molecules are administered separately and as a mixture to a respondent system. When the number of respondent units is high, and doses are orthogonal, it is possible to apply simple models such as analysis of variance. This is not always possible or common, and alternative approaches have been developed, based on multiple regression and on tables of proportions. In this work, some of the most frequently used methods for the assessment of joint responses are reviewed, particularly those based on multiple regression, such as the method of Shaeffer et al. and the method of Hass et al. In order to illustrate these methods, joint responses of perylene and cyclopentapyrene, of N-acetylcysteine and dinitropyrene, and of N-acetylcysteine and extracts from diesel exhausts were analyzed. An antagonistic effect of perylene on the action of CPP was detected by the algorithm of Shaeffer et al. The effect is not multiplicative, i.e., it is not proportional to the product of doses. The antimutagenic effect of N-acetylcysteine on dinitropyrene is multiplicative, as detected by the method of Hass et al. The latter reveals that the inhibition by N-acetylcysteine on the mutagenic effect of extracts from diesel exhausts is also multiplicative. 相似文献
952.
Initial esterification and conversion of intraportally injected (I-14C)linoleic acid in rat liver 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
B Akesson 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》1970,218(1):57-70
953.
954.
955.
B.K. Shaw 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2000,186(7-8):747-757
Many bird species produce vocalizations which are accompanied by distinctive postural displays, but the neural mechanisms that allow such integrated production of vocal and postural motor patterns are not understood. In the crowing behavior of Japanese quail, a characteristic vocal pattern is accompanied by and coordinated with a postural display that consists of a sequence of rapid, patterned head movements. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of a midbrain vocal nucleus, the nucleus intercollicularis, in the production of the acoustic and postural components of crowing in quail. Brief electrical stimuli were applied to the nucleus intercollicularis during spontaneously emitted crows in quail with chronically implanted electrodes, to determine if perturbing neural activity in the nucleus intercollicularis resulted in a disruption of ongoing crowing behavior. The most common effect of such stimuli was a concurrent, premature termination of both the acoustic and head movement components of the crow. These results imply that the nucleus intercollicularis plays a role in the production of both the acoustic and postural components of crowing in quail. 相似文献
956.
Yu. I. Rusakov A. P. Kolychev V. N. Shipilov V. M. Bondareva 《Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology》2003,39(4):425-432
Cerebropleural ganglia from 4000 individuals of the mollusc Anodonta cygnea were submitted to procedures developed for isolation of vertebrate pancreatic insulins: homogenization and extraction, stage-like isoelectrical sedimentation, and ion-exchange chromatography. As a result of purification of the obtained preparation, using high-effective liquid chromatography, there were identified 7 protein peaks differing by time of retention on the reverse-phase sorbent in acetonitryl gradient and designated as insulin-related peptides (IRP), IRP1-IRP7. The material was characterized by the peptide ability to inhibit specific binding of 125I-insulin and of insulin-related factor-1 (125I-IGF-1) by plasma membranes of the rat liver and brain. The IC50 value of peptide concentration (nM) able to replace 50% of the labeled hormone bound with the receptor amounted in the insulin radioreceptor system for IRP1 to 330, for IRP3 to 130, for IRP4 to 17, for IRP5 to130, for IRP6 to 420 nM. Peptide IRP7 at a maximal concentration (104 ng/ml) replaced less than 50% of labeled hormone, whereas in IRP2 no inhibitory ability was detected under these experimental conditions. The IC50 value in the case of 125I-IGF-1 amounted for IRP1, IRP4, and IRP5 to17, for IRP2 to 50, for IRP3 to 83, for IRP6 to 133 nM. IRP7 at a concentration of 104 ng/ml replaced less than 50% of labeled hormone. The same high relative affinity of the peptide IRP4 (12% of activity of standard insulin and IGF-1) to both receptor types is revealed. The results of analysis in two types of hormonal test systems indicate the ability of the insulin-related peptides of the anodonta cerebropleural ganglion to interact with the vertebrate receptor of insulin and IGF-1. This gives grounds to suggest the presence of the metabolic and growth-stimulating properties in these peptides. For the first time, the IGF-1 activity is revealed in insulin-like molecules in invertebrates. Taking into account the chromatographically revealed differences of physicochemical characteristics of individual IRP as well as predominance of their IGF-1-binding properties, there is suggested another organization of the IRP receptor-binding domains in IPR of this mollusc species, as compared with mammalian insulins. 相似文献
957.
The mutagenicity of 5-azacytidine and other inhibitors of replicative DNA synthesis in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The mutagenic potential of the cytidine analog, 5-azacytidine (Aza Cyd), was tested at the thymidine kinase (TK) gene locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. 3-h exposure to as little as 20 ng/ml Aza Cyd yielded a substantial increase in TK-deficient L5178Y cells as measured by drug-induced resistance to trifluorothymidine (TFTres) 48 h later. This mutagenic effect was diminished up to 75% when Aza Cyd was tested in the presence of either enzymatically active or heat-denatured 9000 X g supernatant prepared from rat liver homogenate. The mutagenicity of Aza Cyd was also decreased in the presence of 1-5 X 10(-3) M thymidine and eliminated in the presence of greater than 1 X 10(-5) M cytidine. Two L5178Y TK-deficient cell lines had no selective survival advantage compared to TK-competent L5178Y cell stock when plated in soft-agar medium that contained Aza Cyd. Four other specific inhibitors of scheduled DNA synthesis in mammalian cells, deoxyadenosine, aphidicolin, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, and hydroxyurea were also L5178Y/TK mutagens. These data along with other published results suggest that chemicals known to disrupt nucleotide biosynthesis, alter deoxyribonucleotide pools, or directly inhibit DNA polymerase can cause stable, heritable increases in TFT resistance through mechanisms dependent upon altered replicative DNA synthesis, yet not necessarily dependent upon DNA incorporation or the binding of these mutagenic agents to nuclear DNA. 相似文献
958.
Three cases of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and one patient with post-transfusion purpura could be diagnosed only by introducing the platelet immunofluorescence test. Thrombocytopenia was caused by anti-PlA1 platelet alloantibodies detected neither in the agglutination nor by the complement fixation test. 相似文献
959.
Synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase in the liver of Rana catesbeiana tadpole treated with griseofulvin
The effect of griseofulvin treatment on the synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase was studied with the liver of the tadpole, Rana catesbeiana. (1) In the liver of tadpole treated with griseofulvin, a ferrochelatase inhibitor, the synthesis of heme a, but not cytochrome c oxidase protein, is inhibited. (2) The apocytochrome c oxidase which is formed in the liver of tadpole treated with griseofulvin is converted to the active holoenzyme by exogenously added heme a. 相似文献
960.
Summary The batch fermentation kinetics of a novel thermotolerant strain of the yeast Kluveromyces marxianus were evaluated between 30°C and 48°C. The most significant effects of elevated temperature were reductions in overall biomass and ethanol yields. Decreases in the concentration of ethanol attained, and the presence of unutilized substrate suggested increased ethanol inhibition at the higher temperatures studied. 相似文献